Introduction to Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians

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Questions and Answers

What can lead to a false expectation that all patients will respond positively to treatment?

  • Regular updates on drug efficacy
  • Thorough patient history evaluations
  • Using a variety of drugs for patients
  • Familiarity with a small group of drugs (correct)

Which of the following terms describes reasons for NOT using a drug?

  • Pharmacodynamics
  • Contraindications (correct)
  • Indications
  • Pharmacokinetics

Which method of drug selection relies on clinical experience rather than laboratory results?

  • Symptomatic
  • Prescriptive
  • Empirical (correct)
  • Diagnostic

What do the terms pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics primarily refer to?

<p>The effects of drugs on the body and their journey through it (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of ingredients are typically used as binders or preservatives in pharmaceutical products?

<p>Inactive ingredients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT an accepted justification for veterinary drug compounding?

<p>Cost savings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to use a Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)?

<p>A valid Veterinary Patient Client Relationship (VPCR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about compounded drugs is accurate?

<p>Compounded trilostane is less expensive than FDA approved Vetoryl®. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Minor Use and Minor Species Animal Health Act (MUMS)?

<p>To ensure the availability of approved drugs for less common species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In veterinary practice, compounded drugs are often used for what primary reason?

<p>Economic benefits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the Department of Agriculture with regard to biologics?

<p>Regulating the development and approval of biologics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step immediately follows the clinical trials in the drug development process?

<p>New animal drug application submission to the FDA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA) regulate?

<p>The legality of extra label drug use under specific conditions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was the FDA's tightening of rules regarding extra label use of drugs significant for veterinarians?

<p>It made all extra label use illegal, complicating treatment options. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the defining conditions under which the FDA permits compounding of veterinary drugs?

<p>Legitimate veterinary medical need (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'extra label use' in veterinary medicine?

<p>Using a drug in a manner not specified on the label (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication lists all drugs approved by the FDA for safety and efficacy?

<p>The Green Book (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of the FDA's product monitoring process?

<p>Ensuring the long-term safety and effectiveness of drugs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following names for a drug refers to its molecular structure?

<p>Chemical name (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the FDA's requirement for drug labels to display a withdrawal time for drugs intended for animals consumed by humans?

<p>To protect human consumers from potential drug residues in the animal's tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following federal agencies is responsible for regulating the development and approval of animal topical pesticides?

<p>EPA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a generic name and a trade name for a drug?

<p>Generic names are not exclusive to a particular company and can be used by other manufacturers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of drug name is typically used in scientific research and development?

<p>Code name (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a requirement for drug labels as mandated by the FDA?

<p>Drug's chemical structure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the meaning of "idiosyncratic drug reactions"?

<p>Reactions that are unusual, unexpected, or unpredictable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical duration of the testing phase for a new animal health product before it is approved for use?

<p>7-10 years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What statement is required on drugs approved for use under the supervision of a veterinarian?

<p>Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions must be met for the use of a prescription drug?

<p>There must be a valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicates the use of a drug in a way not designated on its label?

<p>Extra label drug use (ELDU). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When can a labeled drug be bypassed for treatment?

<p>When there is no other labeled drug for the intended indication. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines over-the-counter (OTC) drugs?

<p>Drugs without significant potential for toxicity or special administration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of a veterinary technician when administering drugs?

<p>Prescribing medication to patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should technicians address unclear orders for medication?

<p>Consult the veterinarian for clarification. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an adverse drug reaction?

<p>An undesirable response caused by the drug, its quality, or dosage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes veterinarians from physicians regarding drug responsibilities?

<p>Veterinarians prescribe and dispense drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about internet pharmacies is true?

<p>Internet pharmacies may sell drugs without a valid VCPR. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the VIPPS designation?

<p>To certify that internet pharmacies are licensed and operating legally. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are controlled substances distinguished by?

<p>Their classification into categories based on the risk of abuse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common practice for veterinarians concerning pharmaceuticals?

<p>Using licensed distributors as a primary source for drugs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are drugs classified when they present an extreme risk of abuse?

<p>C-I drugs without approved medical use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a drawback of using feed companies for purchasing veterinary drugs?

<p>They cannot sell drugs that require a prescription. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might veterinarians' dispensing practices be declining due to competition?

<p>More online pharmacies are offering competitive prices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Indications

The reasons for using a drug effectively in treatment.

Contraindications

The reasons for NOT using a drug in certain patients or conditions.

Pharmacokinetics

What happens to a drug once it enters the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

Pharmacodynamics

How drugs exert their effects on the body, including the mechanism of action and effect intensity.

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Veterinarian-client-patient relationship (VCPR)

A formal relationship defined by the AVMA, necessary for prescribing medication.

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FDA

Agency that approves drugs for use under veterinarian supervision.

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Legend statement

Caution: Use of this drug is restricted to licensed veterinarians.

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Prescription drug

A drug that requires a valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR).

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Extra label drug use (ELDU)

Use of a drug in a manner not specified on the label by a veterinarian.

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Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs

Drugs that do not require special administration and have low toxicity potential.

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Controlled substances

Drugs with potential for human abuse or dependence, regulated by DEA.

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The six rights

Key responsibilities for drug administration: Drug, Dose, Route, Time, Patient, Documentation.

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Adverse drug reaction

Any undesirable response to a drug, including issues with quality or dosage.

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Biologics

Vaccines, serums, and antitoxins regulated by agriculture departments.

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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)

Agency regulating drugs that may be abused and controlled substances.

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Green Book

List of FDA-approved drugs for safety and efficacy in veterinary medicine.

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Preliminary trials

Initial testing phase using simple organisms for drug safety.

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Clinical trials

Testing phase for drugs involving safety and effectiveness with subjects.

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Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act

Legislation making extra-label use of veterinary drugs legal under conditions.

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Compounding of veterinary drugs

Alteration or combination of drugs tailored for specific veterinary needs.

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Veterinary Compounding

Custom preparation of medications for animals, often using bulk drugs.

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AVMA Policy on Compounding

Veterinary compounding must not prioritize economic reasons over safety and legality.

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Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD)

Regulates antimicrobial feed additives and requires a veterinarian's prescription.

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Valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)

Necessary to issue a Veterinary Feed Directive for animal feed purchases.

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MUMS Act

Address shortages of approved drugs for minor species and conditions not commonly treated.

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Veterinarian prescription vs dispensing

Veterinarians can both prescribe and dispense medications, unlike physicians who primarily prescribe.

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Veterinary drug sources

Veterinary pharmaceuticals are obtained directly from manufacturers or licensed distributors.

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Internet pharmacy concerns

Internet pharmacies may sell drugs without a valid Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR).

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Drug diversion

The illegal sale of drugs from unauthorized sources.

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Controlled substances schedule

Controlled substances are categorized by their potential for abuse, from C-I (high risk) to C-V (lower risk).

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C-I drugs

C-I drugs have extreme risk of abuse and no approved medical use, like heroin and LSD.

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C-II drugs

C-II drugs can be prescribed by veterinarians but have a high potential for abuse, like morphine and fentanyl.

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VIPPS

VIPPS stands for Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Sites; it validates online pharmacies' legitimacy.

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Dermatitis

Inflammation of the skin, often causing rash and discomfort.

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Anaphylactic shock

Severe, life-threatening allergic reaction requiring immediate attention.

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Chemical name

Describes the molecular structure of a drug, complex and impractical.

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Proprietary name

Also known as trade name, protected by trademark law; e.g., Tylenol®.

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Generic name

Common name of a drug that isn't exclusive; often the same as the compendial name.

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Controlled substance status

Indicates potential for abuse; classified into schedules.

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Drug labels requirements

FDA mandates include drug name, concentration, manufacturer info, and warnings.

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Development of new drugs

Requires rigorous safety and efficacy testing, costs 50-100 million over 7-10 years.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Pharmacology

  • Veterinary technicians are crucial to animal healthcare, administering drugs as directed by veterinarians
  • Mistakes in drug administration can lead to serious consequences
  • Comprehensive knowledge of veterinary drugs is essential

What Technicians Cannot Do

  • Diagnose
  • Prognose
  • Prescribe medications
  • Initiate treatment (exceptions exist in some states for emergencies)
  • Perform surgery

Importance of Pharmacology

  • Pharmacology is the study of drug behavior in the body
  • Veterinary technicians apply this knowledge clinically
  • Recognizing how a drug affects the patient's physiology is vital for understanding potential adverse effects

Rules for Safe Drug Use

  • All drugs are potentially harmful and beneficial
  • Drug selection, dosage, and administration method affect safety
  • No drug is a guaranteed cure; weighing positive and negative effects is essential
  • Medication responses vary among animals based on factors such as gender, breed, age, disease, genetics, and environment
  • Drug dosages are estimated, not precise; based on the response of a group of animals

Veterinarian-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR)

  • The VCPR is central to interactions between veterinarians, clients, and patients
  • Veterinarians assume responsibility for animal health and treatment decisions-Clients agree to follow veterinarian's instructions
  • Veterinarians must have adequate knowledge of the patient to make a preliminary diagnosis
  • Veterinarians must be readily available for follow-up in case of adverse reactions

Drug Sources

  • Drugs originate from various sources (plant, mineral, bacteria/molds)
  • Plants contain alkaloids, glycosides, gums, and oils
  • Minerals provide components like potassium, sodium, and chloride
  • Some bacteria and molds produce antibiotics and anthelmintics

Pharmacotherapeutics

  • Veterinarians diagnose and determine treatment plans based on factors like history, physical exams, lab tests, and diagnostic procedures
  • Drugs are selected based on one of three methods: diagnostic, empirical, or symptomatic
  • Specific treatment regimens, routes, dosage, frequency, and duration are necessary

Prescription Drugs

  • The FDA regulates drugs with potential toxicity or those needing trained personnel for safe administration
  • Drugs labeled for "veterinary use only" or "sold only to veterinarians" are prescription drugs
  • Veterinary use of drugs not explicitly labeled depends on the responsibility of the veterinarian

Controlled Substances

  • Certain drugs pose a risk for abuse or dependence; regulated by the DEA
  • Technicians must be aware of right drug, dose, route, time, and patient to administer the medication correctly, avoiding errors
  • Accurate record-keeping of controlled substances is vital to comply with regulations and prevent misuse

Drug Development

  • Federal regulations govern new animal health product safety and efficacy
  • The development process includes extensive, costly animal testing.

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)

  • Effectively legalized extra-label drug use in veterinary medicine under specific conditions
  • Extensively regulates extra-label drug use

Compounding of Veterinary Drugs

  • Compounding involves manipulating drugs for a specific patient.
  • Compounding is sometimes necessary due to the wide variety of species and clinical conditions. Specific conditions must exist before compounding can be legal

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