Veterinary Pathophysiology: Canine Infectious Diarrhea
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of chronic brucellosis infection in dogs?

  • Solely affects the respiratory organs
  • Eosinophilic lesions in the integument
  • Presence of only lymphocytic infiltration
  • Diffuse lymphoreticular hyperplasia (correct)

    • Which treatment option is recommended for the management of brucellosis in dogs?

  • Chlortetracycline: 25 mg/kg PO q8h for 4 weeks (correct)
  • Minocycline: 15 mg/kg PO q12h for 2 weeks
  • Enrofloxacin: 10–20 mg/kg PO q24h for 30 days
  • Gentamicin: 6–15 mg/kg IM/SC q12h

    • What ocular changes are associated with brucellosis in dogs?

  • Granulomatous iridocyclitis (correct)
  • Retinal detachment
  • Hyphema
  • Conjunctivitis

    • What type of lesions can be observed in the genitourinary organs during brucellosis?

    <p>Inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious condition can arise from brucellosis infections in humans, especially immunocompromised individuals?

    <p>Endocarditis and meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is noted for its limited success in brucellosis management?

    <p>Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a contraindication for the use of tetracyclines in dogs?

    <p>Immature animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication can occur for puppies born to infected bitches?

    <p>Puppies may either be infected or normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of disease is caused by canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Noninflammatory, demyelinating disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is NOT associated with the detection of canine distemper virus?

    <p>Electrocardiogram (ECG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical signs may indicate a canine distemper infection?

    <p>Cerebellovestibular signs and ataxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does canine distemper virus typically spread in the body?

    <p>Via viremia to respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible complication after neonatal infection with CDV?

    <p>Enamel hypoplasia of teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome regarding the mortality rate of canine distemper virus?

    <p>Varies greatly among different Carnivora species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom relates to a strain of CDV affecting the footpads and nose?

    <p>Hyperkeratosis and hardening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of CDV, what does the abbreviation 'CNS' refer to?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is likely to occur in severely affected anorexic pediatric patients?

    <p>Electrolyte derangements and azotemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential side effect of high-dose metronidazole given for giardiasis?

    <p>Vestibular signs and reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal parasite is associated with visceral larval migrans in humans?

    <p>Toxocara spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What precaution should be taken for dogs with infectious causes of diarrhea?

    <p>Isolation from other dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What management step is recommended if anorexia persists for 48 hours in pediatric patients?

    <p>Begin nasogastric tube feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following infections is classified as having a low risk of zoonotic transmission?

    <p>Giardiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of client education related to infectious diarrhea in dogs?

    <p>Environmental decontamination is crucial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from the long-term use of sulfa-containing medications in dogs?

    <p>Gastrointestinal upset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is typically observed in uncomplicated canine infectious respiratory disease during a physical examination?

    <p>Unremarkable lung sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT associated with canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Feline calicivirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of lung pattern is typically seen on radiographs in complicated cases of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Cranioventral distribution pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major contributor to the pathology in canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Injury to the respiratory epithelium by viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests can reveal hypoxemia in canine pneumonia?

    <p>Pulse oximetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would you expect to see an increased intensity of normal lung sounds during a physical examination?

    <p>Complicated canine infectious respiratory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physical examination finding in uncomplicated cases of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Minimal tracheal pressure for cough induction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of the pathophysiology of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Further respiratory damage due to mixed pathogen infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main time frame for viral shedding in feces during the infection process?

    <p>3–4 days post-infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms may indicate severe lymphatic infection?

    <p>Severe hemorrhagic diarrhea and dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with 100% survival in infected dogs?

    <p>HDL cholesterol concentration &gt;50.2 mg/dL at admission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment can speed the resolution of diarrhea in infected puppies?

    <p>Fecal microbiota transplant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial precaution to take when handling infected puppies?

    <p>Implement proper isolation procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is confirmed by electron microscopy in the early stages of infection?

    <p>Fecal virus detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible outcome of the absorption of bacterial endotoxins in dogs with damaged intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Endotoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common treatment can cause renal toxicity in dehydrated puppies?

    <p>Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of advanced spinal cord disease?

    <p>Flaccid tetraplegia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the inheritance pattern commonly associated with the genetic predisposition for this disease?

    <p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic procedures evaluates for inflammatory disease in the spinal cord?

    <p>CSF analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiographic changes are associated with discospondylitis?

    <p>Slowly developing changes that may not be visible even with spinal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathologic finding is most notable in the spinal cord of affected dogs?

    <p>Vacuolated axon cylinders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is preferred for diagnosing brucellosis in situations of known exposure?

    <p>Blood culture when clinical signs are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which specific symptom may indicate involvement of the sensory nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia?

    <p>Reduced cutaneous reflex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence range of brucellosis in stray dogs from certain countries?

    <p>25-30% in Mexico and Peru</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the seroprevalence of brucellosis is true?

    <p>Seroprevalence ranges from 1-18% in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major consequence of neurogenic atrophy in affected dogs?

    <p>Severe muscle wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of spinal cord disease, which statement about reflexes is correct?

    <p>Reflexes may be reduced to absent in pelvic limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the isolation of the organism in diagnosing brucellosis?

    <p>The organism can be isolated from blood if no antibiotics are given.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of contact with strays in endemic areas regarding brucellosis risk?

    <p>It significantly increases the risk of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mutation is commonly associated with the hereditary nature of the spinal cord disease?

    <p>SOD1 mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure can be used after abortion to test for brucellosis?

    <p>Culture of vaginal fluids or swab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of agglutination tests for brucellosis?

    <p>False-positive results that complicate diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the 2-Mercaptoethanol Tube Agglutination Test?

    <p>It provides semi-quantitative results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is noted to cause high rates of false-positive results in brucellosis testing?

    <p>Low specimen quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign is commonly associated with abortions in dogs infected with brucellosis?

    <p>Necrotizing vasculitis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological finding is observed in the reproductive organs during chronic brucellosis infection?

    <p>Plasma cell hyperplasia in lymphoid tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphatic finding is significant in diagnosing brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Enlarged and firm epididymides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome following an infection in female dogs during the early stages of pregnancy?

    <p>Pregnancy may terminate at any stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of staining technique is used to visualize intracellular bacteria in macrophages during pathological examination?

    <p>Brown–Brenn stain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best summarizes the characteristics of the Rapid Slide Agglutination Test (RSAT)?

    <p>It is sensitive but not specific enough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which etiological agent is associated with enteric infections in dogs that is known for causing severe diarrhea?

    <p>Giardia spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure is recommended for confirming intestinal parasitism in dogs?

    <p>Fecal flotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which negative outcome is associated with the presence of organisms on diagnostic screening for diarrhea in dogs?

    <p>It may lead to false-positive results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to contribute to the decision to treat a dog with diarrhea?

    <p>Owner's financial situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoal organism is specifically noted for causing diarrhea in affected dogs?

    <p>Cystoisospora spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What systemic condition may indicate a more severe underlying infection in dogs with diarrhea?

    <p>Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is recommended when a dog with diarrhea does not respond to symptomatic care?

    <p>Abdominal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial species is often linked with enteric issues in dogs, especially in severe cases?

    <p>Campylobacter spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age for initial vaccination of puppies against B.bronchiseptica?

    <p>6-8 weeks of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can effectively reduce bacterial numbers in dogs with parenchymal disease?

    <p>Nebulization with gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate course of action for the duration of antimicrobial therapy in cases with radiographic resolution?

    <p>Continue for at least 10 days beyond resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When administering a parenteral vaccine for B.bronchiseptica, how should the doses be spaced?

    <p>2-4 weeks apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine option is available for the prevention of CIV in dogs?

    <p>Inactivated vaccines for H3N2 and H3N8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely the effectiveness of oral or parenteral administration of certain antimicrobials for respiratory disease?

    <p>Possibly limited effectiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should mature dogs receive their annual vaccinations without the interference of maternal antibodies?

    <p>As early as 2-4 weeks of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the consideration for the timing of intranasal vaccinations for puppies?

    <p>At the same time as their annual vaccinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach for treating dogs diagnosed with confirmed salmonella when they are not systemically ill?

    <p>Provide supportive care without antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for determining the treatment strategy in puppies and young dogs regarding metronidazole?

    <p>The presence of hepatic insufficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying condition may worsen prognosis in patients with gastrointestinal issues?

    <p>Leukopenia and systemic illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical prognosis for dogs suffering from parvoviral enteritis without any treatment?

    <p>Guarded to poor prognosis without treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated when there is evidence of gastrointestinal mucosal barrier breakdown in dogs?

    <p>Use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if there is a failed immune response in CDV-infected animals?

    <p>Death within 2-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following may indicate a subacute disease course in CDV-infected animals?

    <p>Weak immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological finding is most characteristic of the lungs in CDV infection?

    <p>Patchy consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical sign can CDV infection mimic in unvaccinated dogs?

    <p>Kennel cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of CDV, what does the presence of eosinophilic inclusion bodies indicate?

    <p>Viral infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor could contribute to the development of mucopurulent discharge in CDV cases?

    <p>Secondary bacterial infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following states the effects on the thymus in young CDV-infected animals?

    <p>Greatly reduced in size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with a strong immune response and a risk of subclinical CDV infection?

    <p>High concentrations of interferon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of the pathological findings associated with CAV-2 infections in dogs?

    <p>Presence of large intranuclear inclusion bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group of dogs is most susceptible to severe infections from zooepidemicus?

    <p>Puppies between 6 weeks and 6 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What environmental factor is associated with increased risk of infections in dogs?

    <p>Substandard hygienic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings is least likely to be associated with clinical signs of infection caused by CPIV?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions are typically seen in the lungs of dogs infected with CPIV?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the primary underlying condition contributing to serious airway disease in dogs?

    <p>Preexisting airway disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following species is associated with virulent courses in zooepidemicus infections?

    <p>Streptococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common post-infection finding after a dog has been exposed to CAV-2?

    <p>Persistent lung lesions for over a month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lung pattern is typically observed in complicated cases of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Interstitial and alveolar lung pattern with cranioventral distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is known to contribute to canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Canine adenovirus (CAV-2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a physical examination of a dog with uncomplicated canine infectious respiratory disease, which of the following findings would most likely be expected?

    <p>Cough readily induced with minimal tracheal pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical clinical manifestation of severely complicated canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Hypoxemia detectable through arterial blood gas analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following findings in diagnostic imaging would suggest viral pneumonia in a dog?

    <p>Diffuse interstitial lung pattern on radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of canine infectious respiratory disease, which pathogen is not implicated in causing secondary infections?

    <p>Feline calicivirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which discrepancy can be noted between uncomplicated and complicated canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Systemic health is typically maintained in uncomplicated cases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lab finding can help identify bacterial pneumonia in dogs suffering from respiratory disease?

    <p>Presence of hypoxemia in arterial blood gas analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the main characteristic of canine infectious viral disease (CIV)?

    <p>Severity varies based on respiratory tract damage and age of the dog.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common source of rapid spread for agents causing canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Seemingly healthy dogs in the same environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of lungs' pattern is typically observed in severe cases of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Diffuse alveolar patterns with significant inflammatory changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates CRCoV from other respiratory agents in dogs?

    <p>Characterized by significant inflammation of the trachea and cilia loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with systemic signs in dogs affected by pneumonia?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia from foreign materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a likely consequence of a dog experiencing significant respiratory tract damage due to CIV?

    <p>Increased risk of developing pneumonia or hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of disease progression, how soon do clinical signs generally manifest after exposure to an infectious agent?

    <p>Approximately 3–7 days after exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the diagnostic challenges associated with respiratory infections in dogs?

    <p>Differential diagnoses can include various bacterial and fungal infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with maternal antibody loss in puppies?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following treatments is NOT mentioned as effective against canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Antiviral drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is recommended for using modified live virus for canine distemper in puppies?

    <p>Give vaccines during the period where maternal antibodies are declining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of the Rockborn type infection in neonates?

    <p>Development of fatal disease by 4-6 weeks of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment for myoclonus associated with CDV is described as being unproven?

    <p>Botulinum toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibiotics is commonly recommended for treating secondary infections in CDV due to immunosuppression?

    <p>Beta-lactams or cephalosporins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical consideration when using corticosteroids for dogs with CDV?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory dosages should be used cautiously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential physical examination findings in male dogs infected with brucellosis?

    <p>Swollen scrotum and enlarged epididymides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of a heterotypic (measles virus) vaccination in puppies?

    <p>To induce protection from disease but not from infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is traditionally recommended for confirming brucellosis infection in dogs?

    <p>Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID) test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the chronic ocular signs associated with brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Recurrent anterior uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these bacterial species is primarily responsible for brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Brucella canis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic clinical sign may occur following abortion in a female dog infected with brucellosis?

    <p>Long-lasting vaginal discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the pathogen associated with canine brucellosis?

    <p>It is a small intracellular Gram-negative bacterium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test is noted for its high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing brucellosis when commercially available?

    <p>PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant complication that can arise from CRCoV infection in the respiratory system?

    <p>Loss of cilia in the upper respiratory epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding serological testing for brucellosis?

    <p>Reactivity may persist long after the disease resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial pathogen is noted for causing clinical signs indistinguishable from other respiratory infections?

    <p>Bordetella bronchiseptica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method can increase the likelihood of accurately identifying upper respiratory tract pathogens?

    <p>Bronchoalveolar lavage via bronchoscopy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which settings is the incidence of respiratory disease due to viral pathogens most commonly observed?

    <p>High density environments with immunocompromised animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern regarding the interpretation of PCR results from respiratory samples?

    <p>Healthy animals may consistently shed the virus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of managing secondary bacterial infections following a viral respiratory disease?

    <p>Identifying the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern is crucial.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory issue is associated with significant damage to the epithelium due to viral infection?

    <p>Desquamation of epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of viral infections on respiratory epithelial cells?

    <p>Destruction of the respiratory mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is most sensitive for identifying intestinal parasitism in dogs?

    <p>Fecal flotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk factor for puppies regarding viral causes of diarrhea?

    <p>Exposure to adult dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial organism is commonly associated with enteric diseases in dogs?

    <p>Clostridium perfringens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature distinguishes symptomatic care from diagnostic procedures in the management of dog diarrhea?

    <p>Diagnostic procedures are implemented only in nonresponsive cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the presence of organisms on diagnostic screening?

    <p>It may not correlate with clinical signs of illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended imaging study for older, nonpediatric dogs with ongoing diarrhea?

    <p>Radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign might suggest a severe systemic inflammatory response in a dog with diarrhea?

    <p>Marked lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasitic organism is most likely to be diagnosed with multiple fecal flotation tests due to intermittent shedding?

    <p>Toxocara spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary risk factor for severe disease caused by zooepidemicus in dogs?

    <p>Substandard hygienic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most affected by infections caused by zooepidemicus?

    <p>Puppies 6 weeks to 6 months old</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathologic finding is associated with CPIV infections in dogs?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhages in the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of bacteria is NOT mentioned as a possible cause of severe illness associated with zooepidemicus?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign associated with infections from CAV-2?

    <p>Respiratory system lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common pathological finding in the respiratory system of dogs infected with CAV-2?

    <p>Intranuclear inclusion bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can mask or complicate the diagnosis of zooepidemicus infections?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration for which lesions from CAV-2 persist after infection?

    <p>At least a month</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is considered the primary diagnostic procedure for chronic brucellosis infections in dogs?

    <p>Serologic testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical findings are typically seen in dogs with chronic brucellosis infections?

    <p>Hyperglobulinemia and hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should a nonambulatory dog be cared for to prevent complications?

    <p>Place it on a well-padded surface to prevent pressure ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which species is brucellosis found without evidence of breed susceptibility?

    <p>Dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of urine retention in dogs?

    <p>Development of urinary tract infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What abnormal finding is commonly observed in semen analysis of dogs with epididymitis associated with brucellosis?

    <p>Presence of inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of media has shown effectiveness in the culture of cerebrospinal fluid samples associated with brucellosis?

    <p>Thayer-Martin medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the clinical progression of degenerative myelopathy?

    <p>Nonambulatory paraparesis occurs within 9–12 months from onset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is important in managing a dog with urinary incontinence?

    <p>Trimming hair to keep skin clean and dry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point post-infection are abnormalities from brucellosis typically conspicuous in dogs?

    <p>By 5-8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding is typical during urinalysis in uncomplicated cases of brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Normal results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected outcome for dogs diagnosed with degenerative myelopathy?

    <p>Steady decline in mobility leading to tetraparesis within 3 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication can arise from improper care of a nonambulatory dog?

    <p>Decubitus ulceration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of severe brucellosis infection affecting the reproductive system in dogs?

    <p>Azoospermia with inflammatory cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What metric should be monitored in a dog suffering from urine retention?

    <p>Urine color and odor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical therapy technique may benefit a dog with degenerative myelopathy?

    <p>Range-of-motion and active exercises.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune response is characteristic of a subacute disease course in canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Weak immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathologic finding is commonly observed in the lungs of dogs infected with canine distemper virus?

    <p>Patchy consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major clinical suspicion that indicates a potential canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Presence of mucopurulent discharges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies in affected tissues?

    <p>Viral replication of CDV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What outcome is likely in dogs that exhibit a failed immune response to canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Death within 2–4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is associated with a strong immune response to canine distemper virus?

    <p>Subclinical infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of hyperkeratosis manifest in dogs with canine distemper virus?

    <p>On the footpads and nose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign would most likely differentiate canine distemper virus infection from parvovirus infection in dogs?

    <p>Presence of neurological symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk factor for severe canine viral infections?

    <p>Unvaccinated dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is associated with the peak of viral shedding in infected dogs?

    <p>Day 5 post-infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for sending fecal samples for virus detection?

    <p>Ship specimens refrigerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic finding indicates significant dehydration in puppies after admission?

    <p>Gentamicin levels above 0.2 μg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition results from the absorption of bacterial endotoxins through damaged intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Endotoxemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible adverse effect of gentamicin treatment in dehydrated puppies?

    <p>Renal toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom may indicate severe hemorrhagic diarrhea in infected dogs?

    <p>Abdominal discomfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does electron microscopy play in the diagnosis of early canine viral infections?

    <p>Confirms viral presence in feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential long-term complication after canine distemper infection?

    <p>Indefinite myoclonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs should be avoided in growing animals with viral infections?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical mortality rate associated with severe canine distemper infections?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which precaution is necessary during the acute phase of a canine distemper infection?

    <p>Monitor for both CNS signs and respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What courses can canine distemper infections take in terms of prognosis?

    <p>Subclinical, acute, subacute, or fatal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a crucial indicator for pet owners when considering euthanasia during a canine distemper infection?

    <p>Development of neurologic signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In monitoring a dog infected with canine distemper, which sign is essential for detecting possible complications?

    <p>Seizures or other CNS signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What observation regarding the duration of complications is important for affected dogs post-canine distemper infection?

    <p>CNS signs may develop 2–3 months after other symptoms subside</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to false-positive results in serologic testing for infections?

    <p>Common use of agglutination tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When diagnosing brucellosis in dogs, which specimen type is preferred for culture in endemic situations?

    <p>Vaginal swab or fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systemic conditions can be differentiated from brucellosis based on infection causative agents?

    <p>Canine herpesvirus infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected onset time for bacteremia following oral-nasal exposure in dogs infected with brucellosis?

    <p>2–4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of geographical distribution is associated with brucellosis in stray dog populations?

    <p>Higher prevalence in rural areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication could arise from brucellosis in regards to reproductive health in dogs?

    <p>Maternal, fetal, or placental abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions might be a differential diagnosis for discospondylitis in dogs?

    <p>Fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of brucellosis in stray dogs in Mexico and Peru?

    <p>25-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is NOT a contributor to canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Canine respiratory syncytial virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lung pattern is commonly observed in radiographs of complicated cases of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Cranio-ventral consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical examination finding is typically noted in uncomplicated canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Cough triggered with minimal tracheal pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test can reveal hypoxemia in canine pneumonia?

    <p>Pulse oximetry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition most commonly results from the invasion of damaged respiratory tissue by bacterial agents?

    <p>Bacterial pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main risk factor for increased mortality in canine distemper virus (CDV) infections?

    <p>Age and vaccination status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic sign of complicated canine infectious respiratory disease observed on imaging?

    <p>Diffuse interstitial lung pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a viral cause of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Canine herpesvirus-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine is known to induce complete immunity to CDV in virtually all susceptible dogs?

    <p>Modified live vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication that could arise from vaccination against canine distemper virus?

    <p>Fatal encephalitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In complicated cases of canine infectious respiratory disease, what systemic sign is often observed?

    <p>Intermittent high fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common neurologic consequence seen in dogs that appear to recover from CDV but later develop complications?

    <p>Permanent neurologic abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long after exposure to the canine distemper virus can symptoms manifest in susceptible dogs?

    <p>Up to 3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which population is the mortality rate approximately 50% for canine distemper virus infections?

    <p>Nonimmunized adult dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What form of canine distemper vaccination is considered safer due to a reduced risk of complications?

    <p>Chick embryo-adapted vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the high susceptibility of young puppies to CDV?

    <p>Underdeveloped immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main factor contributes to the severity of CIV in dogs?

    <p>Age of the affected dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might present with systemic signs in dogs with CIV?

    <p>Fungal pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a provisional diagnosis in a dog with systemic signs of CIV?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of CRCoV, what significant pathological finding is associated with the disease?

    <p>Loss of ciliary function in the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method for diagnosing bacterial infections associated with CIV?

    <p>Immunohistochemistry of pulmonary tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a differential diagnosis for respiratory signs in a well dog with CIV?

    <p>Parasitic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pulmonary condition is most frequently noted in cases of CIV?

    <p>Acute, fibrinosuppurative pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct statement about the transmission of CIV?

    <p>It can spread from healthy dogs in the same environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is most severely affected by zooepidemicus infections?

    <p>Puppies aged 6 weeks to 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is primarily linked to poor hygienic practices and overcrowding?

    <p>Zooepidemicus infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions are associated with CAV-2 infections in dogs?

    <p>Large intranuclear inclusion bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is NOT listed as being associated with significant virulence in the provided information?

    <p>Staphylococcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in the lungs of infected dogs 6–10 days after exposure?

    <p>Petechial hemorrhages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factors contribute to coexisting airway disease in dogs?

    <p>Congenital anomalies and chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding clinical signs associated with CPIV?

    <p>Causes few to no clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant pathologic finding related to zooepidemicus in dogs?

    <p>Bronchial epithelial cell degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of eosinophilia in canines?

    <p>Intestinal parasitism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential treatment for moderately affected dogs with diarrhea?

    <p>Gastrostomy tube placement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common laboratory finding indicating GI hemorrhage in dogs?

    <p>Microcytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which age group are most gastrointestinal issues more prevalent in dogs?

    <p>Pediatric and young adult</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of diarrhea has an etiological prevalence of 35–60% in dogs?

    <p>C.perfringens enterotoxin A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What entails the primary focus for treatment in significantly dehydrated dogs with diarrhea?

    <p>Electrolyte correction and monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign of gastrointestinal illness that can also impact differential diagnosis?

    <p>Hyporexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease may lead to leukopenia in dogs, indicating parvoviral enteritis?

    <p>Bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic procedure should be prioritized for dogs showing persistent diarrhea after symptomatic care?

    <p>Abdominal ultrasound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial organism is commonly associated with enteropathogenic infections in dogs?

    <p>Campylobacter spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a characteristic of viral infections leading to canine diarrhea?

    <p>Systemic inflammatory response syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is commonly associated with secondary bacterial infection in severe canine respiratory cases?

    <p>Bordetella bronchiseptica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does CRCoV infection have on the respiratory epithelium?

    <p>Leads to loss of cilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following should be considered a risk factor for canine diarrhea caused by viral infections?

    <p>Environmental exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of testing is primarily indicated for dogs suspected of intestinal parasitism?

    <p>Multiple fecal flotations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which environments is the incidence of severe canine respiratory disease most common?

    <p>Training kennels and shelters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method has the highest likelihood of detecting respiratory viruses in infected dogs?

    <p>PCR from bronchoalveolar lavage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoal organism is often detected during the diagnosis of canine diarrhea?

    <p>Giardia spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it challenging to interpret results from PCR testing for respiratory viruses in healthy animals?

    <p>Many healthy animals can shed virus without showing symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of diarrhea, what should be the first consideration before initiating treatment?

    <p>Age and clinical signs of the dog</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is least likely to cause acute diarrhea in dogs?

    <p>Chronic kidney disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing severe respiratory cases?

    <p>It provides samples for cytology and microbial culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the desquamation of respiratory epithelium during severe infections?

    <p>Increased inflammatory cell aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the geographical distribution of the pathogens mentioned?

    <p>Worldwide distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method for controlling an outbreak of infectious respiratory disease in a kennel?

    <p>Evacuating and disinfecting the area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core vaccine recommended for puppies to prevent complicated infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>Modified live CDV and CAV-2 vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following medications is the DRUG OF CHOICE for treating uncomplicated infectious respiratory diseases?

    <p>Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is commonly used for disinfecting areas during an outbreak of kennel cough?

    <p>Sodium hypochlorite (1:30 dilution)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to the persistence of infectious respiratory disease in crowded environments like kennels?

    <p>Shedding of the causative agents in airway secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of vaccine can be administered to puppies starting at 6 weeks of age every 2-4 weeks?

    <p>Modified live CDV and CAV-2 vaccines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended protective measure against the spread of canine distemper virus in pets?

    <p>Routine vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about kennel cough is true?

    <p>It can be caused by multiple infectious agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors can contribute to the risk of brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Exposure to stray dogs in endemic areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of diagnostic culture is preferred for identifying brucellosis in cases with known recent exposure?

    <p>Blood culture for Brucella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might be seen alongside brucellosis that involves inflammatory changes in the spine?

    <p>Discospondylitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is NOT associated with differential diagnoses for systemic infections similar to brucellosis?

    <p>Canine distemper virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which seroprevalence of brucellosis is noted to be higher in stray dogs in a certain area?

    <p>25-30%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is NOT commonly associated with brucellosis infections in dogs?

    <p>Spinal cord injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable factor that affects the accuracy of serologic findings for brucellosis?

    <p>Use of antibiotics prior to testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic predisposition is identified in dogs regarding brucellosis?

    <p>No known genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the nervous system is primarily affected by canine distemper disease?

    <p>Cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant indication of distemper encephalitis in dogs?

    <p>Presence of CDV antibody in cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with canine distemper infection?

    <p>Nonsuppurative meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible complication that may develop from a canine distemper infection?

    <p>White matter disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in the pathophysiology of acute canine distemper?

    <p>Immune-mediated demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical outcome for dogs with severe distemper without appropriate intervention?

    <p>Mortality within 2-3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic tool can be used for evaluating the respiratory aspects of canine distemper?

    <p>Radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is crucial for understanding the spread of canine distemper virus in affected dogs?

    <p>Development of cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic procedure is most sensitive for detecting demyelination caused by canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for some dogs infected with canine distemper virus?

    <p>Recovery with minimal CNS injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What additional ocular condition can occur in cases of canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Anterior uveitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the progression of disease associated with canine distemper virus?

    <p>Strain of the canine distemper virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the canine distemper virus typically enter the body?

    <p>Airborne and droplet exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is less commonly associated with canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding may be observed in dental health after neonatal infection with CDV?

    <p>Enamel hypoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tests may yield false negatives when diagnosing canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inclusion bodies are frequently found in glial cells and neurons during certain CNS infections?

    <p>Intranuclear inclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test is typically performed to determine the presence of viral infections in tissues?

    <p>RT-PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species is most susceptible to immune meningoencephalitis?

    <p>Animals from the order Carnivora</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common laboratory finding in early infections of certain CNS diseases?

    <p>Lymphopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical sign associated with the onset of CNS infections?

    <p>Intermittent fever peaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential complication can result from secondary bacterial infections in animals with CNS diseases?

    <p>Exacerbated gastrointestinal signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immunoglobulin (Ig) in the treatment of CNS infections?

    <p>It neutralizes toxins from viruses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of serology in diagnosing CNS infections?

    <p>It can differentiate between vaccination and infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant concern when using immunosuppressive dosages?

    <p>Enhanced viral dissemination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a precaution regarding the use of tetracycline and fluoroquinolones?

    <p>Avoid in growing animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common possible outcome of canine distemper infection?

    <p>Death up to 3 months after infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored in a patient recovering from canine distemper?

    <p>Respiratory symptoms and dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How may mild CNS signs manifest during recovery from canine distemper?

    <p>Myoclonus may persist for an extended time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected course of canine distemper infection dependent on?

    <p>The strain and individual host response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may happen to a patient with prior mild CNS signs of canine distemper?

    <p>They may develop seizures that need monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated for an owner if neurologic signs develop in their pet after a canine distemper infection?

    <p>Euthanasia may be elected if deemed necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is typical for a dog diagnosed with uncomplicated tracheobronchitis?

    <p>Gagging and retching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What blood parameter indicates a suspected viral cause in cases of severe tracheobronchitis?

    <p>Leukopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment should be avoided in cases of pneumonia associated with tracheobronchitis?

    <p>Cough suppressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that a dog with tracheobronchitis has developed a more severe form of the disease?

    <p>Moist cough with difficulty breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is typically triggered by pressure on the trachea in dogs with tracheobronchitis?

    <p>Coughing spells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What finding might be observed in the tracheal mucus of a dog with a complicated case of tracheobronchitis?

    <p>Large numbers of Gram-positive organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of severe tracheobronchitis in dogs?

    <p>Hemoptysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In severe cases of tracheobronchitis, what can significantly impact the time course of the disease?

    <p>Early identification and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is most directly associated with canine distemper infection affecting the central nervous system?

    <p>Nonsuppurative meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical aspect of the immune response affecting recovery from canine distemper?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates successful treatment of brucellosis in dogs?

    <p>Blood cultures negative for at least 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is crucial for the prevention of brucellosis in a breeding setting?

    <p>Quarantine and testing new dogs before introduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is utilized to evaluate the potential pulmonary disease associated with canine distemper?

    <p>Radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical prognosis for dogs showing neurological symptoms from a distemper infection?

    <p>Rapid deterioration and high mortality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about the treatment of canine brucellosis?

    <p>It is always successful if treatment is initiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of recrudescent infections in brucellosis?

    <p>Recurrence of clinical symptoms after initial improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of canine degenerative myelopathy, which breed is most closely associated with the genetic predisposition?

    <p>German Shepherd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about clinical trials for degenerative myelopathy is true?

    <p>They are intended to evaluate medications' effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the frequency of serologic tests after the treatment of brucellosis?

    <p>Monthly for at least three months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which action is recommended for treatment of brucellosis in a breeding kennel?

    <p>Retreat, neuter and retreat, or euthanize infected dogs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the nature of the disease caused by canine distemper virus?

    <p>Acute, contagious, and often febrile with multiple systemic manifestations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What laboratory finding in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is indicative of distemper encephalitis?

    <p>CDV antibody presence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of client education regarding canine brucellosis?

    <p>Ensuring comprehension of zoonotic risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome is considered when discussing the economic implications of treating brucellosis?

    <p>Significant time and cost investment with uncertain outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of viral antigen replication following infection with canine distemper virus (CDV)?

    <p>Infection of local epithelial tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method relies on detecting viral inclusions in the buffy coat of blood samples?

    <p>Immunohistochemical detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following complications is associated with CDV infection in dogs?

    <p>Enamel hypoplasia after neonatal infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the canine distemper virus predominantly spread throughout the body?

    <p>Primarily by respiratory droplet inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is a potential outcome in dogs suffering from canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Manifestation of myoclonus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is critical for the course of disease progression in CDV infections?

    <p>The strain of the virus involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is commonly associated with the lesions identified in imaging studies for white matter disease?

    <p>Sensitivity for demyelination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason for implementing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as a diagnostic tool?

    <p>To detect the presence of viral RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended age to begin vaccinating puppies against B. bronchiseptica?

    <p>6-8 weeks of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering nebulized gentamicin to dogs with respiratory disease?

    <p>To reduce bacterial numbers and severity of clinical signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum recommended dosage of enrofloxacin for treating severe disease in dogs?

    <p>5-10 mg/kg PO/IM/IV q24h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccination type is considered a non-core vaccine for canine respiratory disease?

    <p>CIV vaccines (H3N2 and H3N8)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long should antimicrobial therapy continue in cases of canine infectious respiratory disease?

    <p>At least 10 days beyond radiographic resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended interval between doses of inactivated B. bronchiseptica vaccines?

    <p>2-4 weeks apart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which systemic antibiotic is mentioned for use in conjunction with nebulization for parenchymal disease?

    <p>Gentamicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complications can arise from the long-term use of sulfa-containing medications in canines?

    <p>Vestibular signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protocol for revaccinating puppies after their initial B. bronchiseptica vaccination?

    <p>Revaccinate at 4 months of age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential health issue resulting from severe anorexia in pediatric patients?

    <p>Dehydration and electrolyte derangements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infectious organism poses a low risk of zoonotic transmission?

    <p>Giardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary recommended action for dogs diagnosed with infectious causes of diarrhea?

    <p>Isolation from other dogs until recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are potential effects of azotemia in clinical patients?

    <p>Dehydration and renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is likely to require nasogastric tube feeding in canine patients?

    <p>Anorexia persisting for 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of environmental decontamination in the context of infectious organisms?

    <p>Prevention of reinfection for pets/people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal parasite is commonly associated with cutaneous larval migrans in humans?

    <p>Ancylostoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended interval for monitoring serologic tests after treatment for brucellosis?

    <p>Monthly for at least three months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which outcome indicates successful treatment of brucellosis in a dog?

    <p>Negative blood cultures for at least three months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason euthanasia is recommended for certain dogs infected with brucellosis?

    <p>High risk of zoonotic transmission in breeding facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly contributes to the uncertainty surrounding antibiotic treatment for brucellosis?

    <p>The cost and time investment in treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the essential goal of treatment for canine brucellosis?

    <p>Eradication of B.canis from the animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with treating unspayed female dogs for brucellosis?

    <p>Zoonotic transmission to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should new dogs be quarantined and tested before entering a breeding kennel?

    <p>Twice at monthly intervals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main aspect of client education regarding infections caused by B.canis?

    <p>Continuous monitoring is essential post-treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect can immunosuppressive dosages have on viral infections?

    <p>Enhance viral dissemination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential outcome may occur for a patient who experiences mild CNS signs due to infection?

    <p>Partial recovery with persistent myoclonus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the expected course of canine distemper infection, what is a potential outcome for the individual host?

    <p>Subclinical, acute, subacute, fatal, or nonfatal infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suggested action for monitoring patients after a canine distemper virus infection?

    <p>Monitor for CNS abnormalities like seizures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mortality rate associated with distemper-related infections in affected dogs?

    <p>Around 50%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition may prompt owners to consider euthanasia in their dogs suffering from distemper?

    <p>Development of neurologic signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an appropriate precaution regarding the use of specific antibiotics in young animals?

    <p>Fluoroquinolones should be avoided.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible effect of prolonged viral infection of canine distemper on the central nervous system?

    <p>Development of chronic mild CNS signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen is most commonly associated with diarrhea in dogs?

    <p>Giardia spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable characteristic of the intestinal histopathology seen in infectious enteritis?

    <p>Lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates in the lamina propria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common underlying factor that increases the risk of infection by enteropathogens in dogs?

    <p>Immunosuppressive drug therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is most indicative of gastrointestinal pathogens affecting dogs?

    <p>Acute vomiting and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic approach is often utilized to confirm a case of infectious diarrhea in dogs?

    <p>Fecal PCR panels for multiple pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor is most associated with the transmission of enteric pathogens?

    <p>Wet climate conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathological finding may accompany gastrointestinal infections in dogs?

    <p>Thickened intestinal walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite is not typically associated with the fecal–oral route of infection in dogs?

    <p>Toxascaris spp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to occur due to CRCoV infection in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Desquamation of the epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of environments is the prevalence of severe respiratory disease most commonly observed?

    <p>Areas with immunocompromised populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of sample has an increased likelihood for upper airway contamination during diagnosis?

    <p>Tracheal wash sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause that can be similar to other infections?

    <p>Clinical signs indistinguishable from other bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic technique can be effectively used to detect viral infections but may yield difficult to interpret results?

    <p>PCR from nasal, ocular, or pharyngeal secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does the loss of cilia in the respiratory epithelium lead to?

    <p>Increased likelihood of secondary bacterial colonization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue with interpreting PCR results for respiratory pathogens?

    <p>Healthy animals may shed virus without symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of aggregation of inflammatory cells in the lungs affected by severe disease?

    <p>Increased severity of secondary infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended isolation period for recovered dogs infected with CDV to prevent virus shedding?

    <p>4 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible consequence of persistent or latent Toxoplasma gondii infections in dogs?

    <p>Immunosuppressive state reactivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical examination finding may be observed in a dog suffering from gastrointestinal issues?

    <p>Melena</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of immunity for most vaccines administered to dogs?

    <p>Over 3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which respiratory infection is specifically associated with canines and is often referred to as kennel cough?

    <p>Bordetella bronchiseptica infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign would most likely indicate hypoglycemia in a dog?

    <p>Severe lethargy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of infection can lead to panhypoproteinemia in dogs?

    <p>Protein-losing enteropathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important management step for dogs showing signs of infectious causes of diarrhea?

    <p>Isolating to prevent spreading infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Canine Infectious Diarrhea

    • Causes: Canine Parvovirus-2 (CPV-2)
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Viral Replication: Virus replicates in respiratory and intestinal systems, spreads through viremia to other body parts (lungs, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts, CNS)
      • Viral Shedding: Shedding occurs mostly in respiratory exudates and urine, peaking with clinical signs
      • Intestinal Damage: Rapidly dividing crypt cells of the small intestine are infected; this happens 3 days after infection.
      • Endotoxemia: Damage to intestinal mucosa allows bacterial endotoxins to be absorbed, which contributes to endotoxemia
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Acute or chronic:
        • Small/large bowel diarrhea
        • Vomiting
        • Weight loss
      • Dehydration
        • Azotemia
        • Electrolyte derangements
      • Signs of endotoxemia:
        • Hyponatremia
        • Hyperkalemia
    • Treatment:
      • Intensive inpatient care: speeds resolution of diarrhea
      • Antibiotics: such as gentamicin
      • Antiemetics: e.g., ondansetron, maropitant
      • Fecal Microbiota Transplant: May speed resolution of diarrhea, given in conjunction with other therapies

    Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease

    • Definition: Respiratory disease caused by both infectious agents and environmental factors - results in cough and other respiratory signs
    • Pathophysiology:
      • Viral Injury: Viral infection initiates the disease, damaging the respiratory epithelium.
      • Bacterial Invasion: Damaged tissues are invaded by bacteria, mycoplasma, and other virulent organisms - causing further damage and clinical signs
    • Causes:
      • Viral:
        • Canine distemper virus (CDV)
        • Canine adenovirus (CAV-2)
        • Canine parainfluenza (CPIV)
        • Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)
        • Canine reovirus
        • Canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1)
        • Canine influenza virus (CIV; H3N8 or H3N2)
        • Canine bocavirus
        • Canine hepacivirus
        • Canine pneumovirus (CnPnV)
    • Risk Factors: Unvaccinated dogs
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Uncomplicated disease:
        • Cough readily induced
        • Minimal tracheal pressure
        • Normal lung sounds
        • Systemically healthy
      • Complicated disease:
        • Low-grade or intermittent fever (39.4–40.0 °C; 103–104 °F)
        • Increased intensity of normal lung sounds, crackles or wheezes possible
    • Diagnosis:
      • Imaging: Radiography useful to rule out other differential diagnoses
        • Uncomplicated: Radiographs are unremarkable
        • Complicated: Radiographs reveal either a mixed, interstitial or alveolar pattern
    • Treatment:
      • Intensive inpatient care: Essential for treatment success
      • Strict Isolation Procedures: Essential to prevent spread of infection
      • Antiviral Drugs: Not yet proven effective

    Brucellosis

    • Brucellosis is highly sensitive but not standardized, making accurate testing and diagnosis difficult.
    • Brucellosis can affect the lymphatic system (lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, mononuclear leukocytes), reproductive system (gonads, uterus, fetus, testes, epididymides, prostate), and other tissues (intervertebral discs, anterior uvea, meninges).
    • Brucellosis is commonly found in breeding kennels and pack hounds, with a higher prevalence in stray dogs.
    • Contact with stray dogs in endemic areas increases the risk of contracting the disease.
    • Brucellosis doesn't have a known genetic predisposition.
    • It's prevalent in populations with rates ranging from 1-18% in the United States and Japan, with a higher prevalence in rural areas.
    • In Mexico and Peru, the prevalence rate is much higher at 25-30% in stray dog populations.

    Diagnostic Procedures

    • Isolating the bacteria is crucial for diagnosis. Blood cultures are performed when clinical and serologic findings suggest Brucellosis.
    • It can be isolated from infected dogs that haven't received antibiotics.
    • Bacteremia usually develops 2-4 weeks after oral-nasal exposure and can persist for 8 months to 5.5 years.
    • Brucella culture is preferred for diagnosis in endemic areas or cases with known exposure within 1-8 weeks.
    • Cultures or PCR of vaginal fluids or vaginal swabs are recommended after an abortion.
    • Lymphoid hyperplasia, characterized by the presence of large numbers of plasma cells, can be observed.
    • Intracellular bacteria may be found in macrophages using special stains like the Brown-Brenn stain.
    • Histopathologic examinations of testes can reveal necrotizing vasculitis, inflammatory cells, and granulomatous lesions.

    Diagnostic Tests

    • Rapid 2-Mercaptoethanol Slide Agglutination Test (RSAT):
      • Detects infected dogs 3-4 weeks after infection.
      • Accurately identifies non-infected dogs.
      • Used as a screening test with high sensitivity but low specificity.
      • Has a high false-positive rate (50%).
      • Results should be confirmed with other tests.
    • Mercaptoethanol Tube Agglutination Test (2ME):
      • Provides similar information to RSAT but inactivates IgM.
      • Works as a good screening test despite lacking specificity.
      • Useful for evaluating suspicious animals.
    • Lymph Node Biopsy:
      • Tissues like lymph nodes, uterus, and testes are obtained sterilely and cultured on appropriate media.
      • Submitted for histopathology.
    • Simple, Inexpensive, Rapid:
      • Useful in diagnosing Brucellosis.

    Pathologic Findings

    • Gross Findings:
      • Lymphadenomegaly, splenomegaly, enlarged testes,
      • Scrotal edema, or atrophy of one or both testes.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Animals may appear healthy or present with vague signs of illness like lethargy, loss of libido, swollen lymph nodes, and back or neck pain.
      • Abortions commonly occur 6-8 weeks after conception, though termination can occur at any stage.
      • Discospondylitis is another potential sign.
      • Chronic infections can lead to anterior uveitis and discospondylitis.
      • Chronic infections may result in a negative test.

    Treatment

    • Antimicrobial therapy is essential, continuing for at least 10 days beyond radiographic resolution of the infection.
    • Antibiotic recommendations:
      • Initial Therapy:
        • Gentamicin (2–4 mg/kg IV/IM/SC q6–8h) alongside aminoglycoside antibiotics like gentamicin or amikacin.
        • Enrofloxacin (5–10 mg/kg PO/IM/IV q24h).
      • Resistant Species
        • Some species may be resistant to certain antibiotics.
        • Oral or parenteral administration of antibiotics may be ineffective.
        • Gentamicin nebulization (3–5 mg/kg) can be used as a complementary treatment for dogs with parenchymal disease in conjunction with systemic antibiotics.
    • Vaccination:
      • Vaccines are available for B. bronchiseptica and Bordetella for puppies and mature dogs.
      • Inactivated B. bronchiseptica vaccines are administered parenterally in two doses 2-4 weeks apart.
      • A single dose of intranasal vaccination can be used for mature dogs.
      • Inactivated canine influenza virus (CIV) vaccines are available for H3N2 and H3N8 strains.
      • Recommended for puppies at 6 weeks old, administered in two doses 2-4 weeks apart.
      • Annual revaccination is recommended for puppies and mature dogs.

    Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

    • CDV is a serious viral disease that can be fatal in dogs.
    • The virus is spread through contact with infected animals (dogs and wild carnivores).
    • The immune response to CDV can vary, with a strong response leading to subclinical infection and a weak response associated with a longer survival.
    • A failed immune response results in death within 2-4 weeks, often due to central nervous system (CNS) manifestations.
    • Viral excretion can continue for up to 2-3 months after infection.

    Pathologic Findings

    • Gross:
      • Thymus - greatly reduced in size (young animals), sometimes gelatinous.
      • Lungs - patchy consolidation.
      • Footpads and nose - hyperkeratosis.
      • Mucopurulent discharges - from eyes and nose, bronchopneumonia, catarrhal enteritis, skin pustules (secondary bacterial infection).
    • Histologic:
      • Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies - in epithelium of bronchi, stomach.

    Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD)

    • A complex disease where infectious agents and environmental factors contribute to cough and respiratory signs in dogs.
    • Injury to the respiratory epithelium by viral infection followed by bacterial, mycoplasmal, or other organisms invasion causes further damage and clinical signs.

    Causes of CIRD

    • Viral: CDV, CAV-2, CPIV, CRCoV, canine reovirus, CHV-1, CIV (H3N8 or H3N2), canine bocavirus, canine hepacivirus, canine pneumovirus.
    • Bacterial: Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Streptococcus, Mycoplasma.

    Risk Factors for CIRD

    • Substandard hygiene and overcrowding
    • Coexisting subclinical airway disease (congenital anomalies, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis).

    Clinical Signs of CIRD

    • Uncomplicated: Cough readily induced with minimal tracheal pressure, normal lung sounds, systemically healthy.
    • Complicated: Low-grade or intermittent fever, increased intensity of lung sounds, crackles or wheezes, may develop pneumonia.

    Diagnosis of CIRD

    • Differential diagnosis: Parasitic bronchitis, irritant tracheobronchitis, airway foreign body, airway collapse, fungal or bacterial pneumonia, primary or metastatic neoplasia, congestive heart failure, migrating foreign body.

    Pathologic Findings of Different CIRD Agents

    • CPIV: Few to no clinical signs, petechial hemorrhages in lung 6-10 days after exposure, detected by immunofluorescence in columnar epithelial cells of bronchi and bronchioles.
    • CAV-2: Lesions confined to the respiratory system, large intranuclear inclusion bodies in bronchial epithelial cells and alveolar septal cells, mild and short-lasting clinical signs, lesions persist for at least a month after infection.
    • CIV (H3N8, H3N2): Fulminant disease with secondary Mycoplasma or bacterial infection and pulmonary hemorrhage.
    • CRCoV: Marked inflammation of the trachea and nares with cilia loss, detected by immunohistochemistry of the trachea or bronchioles.
    • Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection: Acute, fibrinosuppurative pneumonia with large numbers of cocci in the pulmonary parenchyma and septic thromboemboli.

    Miscellaneous Points

    • Puppies and young dogs are more severely affected by CIRD.
    • Metronidazole dosage should be reduced in animals with hepatic insufficiency.
    • Dogs with systemic illness, leukopenia, or suspected GI mucosal barrier breakdown should be treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.
    • Dogs with confirmed salmonella should not be treated with antibiotics unless systemically ill.

    Canine Distemper

    • Contagious Disease: Caused by a virus (CDV) that infects dogs.

    • Signs:

      • Respiratory: Upper and lower airway involvement.
      • Multisystemic: Cases can develop sepsis.
      • Nervous system: Seizures, tremors, paralysis, incoordination, myoclonus (muscle spasms).
      • Ocular: Conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, blindness.
      • Skin: Pustules, skin lesions, hyperkeratosis (thickening of the skin).
      • Gastrointestinal: Vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss.

    • Transmission:

      • Direct contact: Infected dogs, secretions (saliva, nasal discharge, urine, feces).
      • Aerosols: Airborne transmission.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Clinical Signs: Characteristic signs, especially neurological symptoms.
      • Serology: Antibody detection in blood.
      • PCR: Detection of viral DNA/RNA.
      • Cytology: Microscopic examination of cells.

    • Treatment:

      • Supportive Care: Fluids, nutrition, symptomatic treatment.
      • Antibiotics: For secondary bacterial infections.
      • Anticonvulsants: For seizures.
      • No Proven Treatment: For myoclonus.

    • Prevention:

      • Vaccination: Highly effective.
      • Isolation of infected dogs: Prevents spread.

    • Maternal Antibody:

      • Puppies: Protected by maternal antibodies for the first few months of life.
      • Vaccination Timing: Vaccinate puppies at 6-12 weeks of age to ensure protection.

    Canine Parvovirus

    • Contagious and Highly Contagious Disease: Caused by a virus (CPV-2).

    • Highly contagious in puppies and adult dogs. Very contagious in puppies.

    • Transmission: Through infected feces and contact.

    • Signs:

      • Gastrointestinal: Severe vomiting, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, lethargy.
      • Cardiac: Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle).
      • Neurological: Seizures, tremors, paralysis.
      • Mortality Rate: High in unvaccinated puppies.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Clinical Signs: Characteristic signs, especially vomiting and diarrhea.
      • Fecal PCR: Detection of viral DNA.
      • Fecal Flotation: Rule out other causes of diarrhea.

    • Treatment:

      • Supportive Care: Fluids, nutrition, antiemetic medication.
      • Antibiotics: For secondary bacterial infections.
      • Intensive Care: May be required for severely affected patients.

    • Prevention:

      • Vaccination: Highly effective.
      • Hygiene: Strict hygiene practices to prevent spread.

    Canine Adenovirus

    • Viral Disease: Caused by the canine adenovirus (CAV).

    • Two Types: CAV-1 (Hepatitis Virus) and CAV-2 (Respiratory Virus).

    • Symptoms: Most cases are mild, but they can cause serious infection.

    • Transmission:

      • Respiratory: Through infected saliva and nasal discharge.
      • Fecal-oral: Through feces.

    • Signs:

      • Hepatitis Virus: Fever, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice.
      • Respiratory Virus: Primarily respiratory signs, including sneezing, coughing, runny nose, tracheobronchitis.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Clinical Signs: Characteristic symptoms.
      • Serology: Antibody detection.
      • PCR: Detection of viral DNA.

    • Treatment:

      • Supportive Care: Fluids, nutrition, symptomatic treatment.
      • Antibiotics: For secondary bacterial infections.

    Canine Coronavirus

    • Viral Disease: Caused by canine coronavirus (CCV).

    • Two Types: CCV-1 (Hepatitis Virus) and CCV-2 (Enteric Virus).

      • CCV-1 often causes mild signs, but can be severe in young animals.
      • CCV-2 is more commonly associated with enteric illness.

    • Transmission:

      • Fecal-oral: Through infected feces.

    • Signs:

      • Hepatitis Virus: Fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice may also occur.
      • Enteric Virus: Diarrhea, vomiting, lethargy.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Clinical Signs: Characteristic signs, particularly gastrointestinal symptoms.
      • Fecal PCR: Detection of viral RNA.

    • Treatment:

      • Supportive Care: Fluids, nutrition, symptomatic treatment.
      • Antibiotics: For secondary bacterial infections.

    Brucellosis

    • Contagious Disease: Caused by the bacterium Brucella canis.

    • Primarily affects: The reproductive system of dogs, leading to reproductive problems.

    • Transmission: Through contact with infected dogs, bodily fluids, and infected tissues.

    • Signs:

      • Males: Orchitis (inflammation of the testicles), epididymitis (inflammation of the epididymis), testicular atrophy.
      • Females: Abortion, infertility, vaginal discharge.
      • Both Sexes: Fever, lameness, joint pain, spinal pain, uveitis (inflammation of the eye), enlarged lymph nodes.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Blood Tests: To detect antibodies against the bacteria.
      • Culture: Of blood, urine, or other samples.

    • Treatment:

      • Antibiotics: Treatment is usually successful.
      • Duration of Treatment: Long-term therapy is often necessary.

    Canine Influenza

    • Highly Contagious Disease: Caused by Canine influenza virus (CIV).

    • Two Types: CIV-H3N8 and CIV-H3N2.

      • CIV-H3N8 causes milder illness, but still potentially serious.
      • CIV-H3N2 is more likely to cause severe illness.

    • Transmission: Respiratory secretions, direct contact.

    • Signs:

      • Respiratory: Coughing, sneezing, runny nose, fever, lethargy.
      • More Severe Cases: Pneumonia, difficulty breathing.

    • Diagnosis

      • Clinical Signs: Characteristic symptoms, but not always specific to influenza.
      • PCR Testing of nasal swabs to confirm diagnosis.

    • Treatment:

      • Supportive Care: For symptoms like fever, cough, and dehydration.
      • Antibiotics: Used for secondary bacterial infections.

    • Prevention:

      • Vaccination: Available for both CIV strains.

    Canine Respiratory Disease Complex (CRDC)

    • Complex Syndrome: A group of respiratory diseases in dogs that often occur together.

    • Caused by: Various infectious agents, usually a combination.

    • Common Agents:

      • Viral: Canine adenovirus (CAV-2), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine coronavirus (CCV), canine parainfluenza virus, canine influenza virus.
      • Bacterial: Bordetella bronchiseptica, Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, other bacterial pathogens.

    • Signs:

      • Respiratory: Coughing, sneezing, runny nose, fever, lethargy.
      • More Severe Cases: Pneumonia, difficult breathing.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Clinical Signs: Characteristic symptoms, difficult to pin down a specific cause.
      • Culture: Of nasal swabs to identify bacterial causes.
      • PCR Testing: For specific viral agents.

    • Treatment:

      • Supportive Care: Fluids, nutrition, symptomatic treatment for fever and other signs.
      • Antibiotics: For secondary bacterial infections.

    • Prevention:

      • Vaccination: Important preventive measure.

    Canine Diarrhea

    • Common Problem: Gastrointestinal upset with multiple causes.

    • Causes:

      • Viral: Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2), coronavirus, circovirus.
      • Bacterial: Campylobacter, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, C. difficile toxins, Salmonella.
      • Parasitic: Roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, tapeworms, Giardia.
      • Protozoal: Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora.

    • Signs:

      • Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, lethargy, dehydration.

    • Diagnosis:

      • Clinical Signs: Characteristic symptoms alone may not be specific.
      • Fecal Examination: Microscopic examination for parasites.
      • Fecal Flotation: To detect parasite eggs.
      • Fecal Culture: Identify bacteria.
      • PCR: For specific viruses.

    • Treatment:

      • Supportive Care: Fluids, nutrition, symptomatic treatment, antiemetics.
      • Antibiotics: If bacterial infection is suspected.
      • Antiparasitics: To treat parasitic infections.

    Important Considerations

    • Vaccinations: Vaccination is essential for all puppies and adult dogs to help prevent serious illnesses.
    • Hygiene: Good hygiene is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
    • Early Detection: It is important to consult with a veterinarian at the first sign of illness.
    • Quarantine: Infected or sick dogs should be quarantined to prevent the spread of infection.
    • Supportive Care: Supportive care plays a crucial role in treating infectious diseases.
    • Antibiotics: Antibiotics are only effective for bacterial infections; they do not work against viral infections.

    Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

    • CDV is a highly contagious, often fatal viral disease in dogs.
    • CDV affects multiple systems including respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous system, often leading to severe complications.
    • Virus excretion can occur for 2-3 months after infection.
    • Transmission occurs via contact with infected animals, including dogs and wild carnivores.
    • CDV is a paramyxovirus in the Morbillivirus genus.
    • CDV is characterized by lymphopenia, which precedes intestinal infection.
    • The incubation period for CDV is 7 to 10 days. Clinical signs often appear within 2 weeks of exposure.
    • Diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion and laboratory testing.
    • PCR is an important diagnostic tool.
    • Serologic testing is another common diagnostic tool.
    • Vaccinations are highly effective in preventing the disease.
    • The prognosis for CDV depends on various factors such as host immune status, viral strain, and severity of infection.
    • The expected course of CDV may vary from mild and subclinical to severe and fatal.
    • There is no specific treatment for CDV.
    • Supportive care is essential to manage symptoms.
    • The mortality rate for CDV can reach 50%.
    • Prompt early treatment is critical for improving survival outcomes.

    Canine Parvovirus (CPV)

    • CPV is a highly contagious viral disease affecting dogs, particularly puppies.
    • CPV is a small, nonenveloped DNA virus in the Parvoviridae family.
    • CPV causes severe gastroenteritis with bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration.
    • CPV can be fatal, especially in young puppies.
    • The incubation period is 3-7 days, but can be longer in immunocompromised dogs.
    • Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected feces.
    • CPV is shed in feces for 2-3 weeks after infection.
    • Diagnosis is based on clinical signs and laboratory testing.
    • PCR is used for confirming diagnosis, detecting virus in feces, and monitoring treatment success.
    • There is no specific antiviral treatment for CPV.
    • Treatment focuses on supportive care, including fluid therapy, antibiotics, and anti-emetics.
    • Prompt and aggressive treatment is essential to improve survival.
    • Vaccinations are crucial for preventing CPV infection.
    • The prognosis for CPV infection is dependent on various factors such as age, immune status, and early intervention.

    Degenerative Myelopathy (DM)

    • DM is a slowly progressing, inherited neurological disease affecting dogs.
    • DM is characterized by progressive paralysis of the hind limbs, starting in the rear legs and eventually progressing to the front legs.
    • The cause of DM is a mutation in the SOD1 gene, which encodes the enzyme superoxide dismutase 1.
    • DM is an autosomal recessive disease, meaning both parents must carry the mutation for offspring to develop the disease.
    • There is no cure for DM, but there are treatments to manage symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
    • Physical therapy, pain management, and nutritional support are important in managing DM.
    • DM can affect dogs of any age, breed, and sex.
    • The onset of clinical signs may occur as early as 2 years old, but can also occur later in life.
    • DM is commonly found in Pembroke Welsh Corgis and other breeds.
    • The prognosis for DM is variable and is dependent on the severity and stage of the disease.

    Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease

    • Multifaceted disease caused by a combination of infectious agents and environmental factors
    • Causes cough and other respiratory signs in dogs
    • Most commonly seen in puppies 6 weeks to 6 months old
    • Can affect dogs of any age, especially those with pre-existing airway disease
    • Viral causes: canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus (CAV-2), canine parainfluenza (CPIV), canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), canine reovirus, canine herpesvirus-1 (CHV-1), canine influenza virus (CIV; H3N8 or H3N2), canine bocavirus, canine hepacivirus, canine pneumovirus (CnPnV)
    • Bacterial causes: Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pasteurella, Streptococcus, Mycoplasma
    • Signs can range from subclinical to mild to severe
    • Most viral, bacterial, and mycoplasmal agents spread rapidly from infected dogs to others in the same environment
    • Signs usually begin about 3-7 days after exposure to the infecting agent(s)
    • Risk factors: substandard hygienic conditions and overcrowding, existing airway disease
    • Diagnosis:
      • Physical examination findings
      • Imaging
      • Diagnostic procedures
      • Pathologic findings
    • Treatment:
      • Oxygen therapy, nebulization, and coupage for pneumonia
      • Clean ocular and nasal discharges
    • Prevention:
      • Vaccination
      • Good hygiene
      • Avoid overcrowding
      • Separate sick dogs from healthy dogs
    • Complications:
      • Pneumonia
      • Death
    • Zoonotic potential: Possible that humans may become subclinically infected with CDV
      • Immunization against measles virus also protects against CDV infection
    • Prognosis:
      • Depends on the severity of the disease
      • Younger puppies and dogs with pre-existing airway disease have a poorer prognosis

    Canine Distemper

    • Highly sensitive but not standardized
    • Frequent false positives with agglutination tests
    • Prevalence varies geographically:
      • 1–18% in United States, Japan
      • Higher in rural United States
      • 25–30% in stray dogs in Mexico, Peru
    • Systems Affected:
      • Hemic/lymph/immune -- lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, mononuclear leukocytes
      • Reproductive -- target tissues of gonadal steroids (gravid uterus, fetus, testes, epididymides, prostate gland)
      • Other tissues -- intervertebral discs, anterior uvea, meninges (uncommon)
    • Risk Factors:
      • Breeding kennels
      • Pack hounds
      • Contact with strays in endemic areas
    • Diagnosis:
      • Isolation of the organism
      • Blood cultures can be used to isolate Brucella from the blood of infected dogs (if they have not received antibiotics)
      • Culture or PCR of vaginal fluids or vaginal swab after abortion
    • Treatment:
      • Supportive care
      • No specific treatment
      • Immunization is available
    • Prognosis:
      • Mortality rate is about 50%
      • Neurological signs usually not reversible.
    • Zoonotic potential: It's possible for humans to become subclinically infected with CDV
    • Age-related factors:
      • Young puppies are more susceptible with a higher mortality rate
      • Non-immunized old dogs are highly susceptible ### Imaging
    • Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease:
      • Uncomplicated disease: Radiographs unremarkable
        • Most useful for ruling out other differential diagnoses
      • Complicated disease: Radiographs show interstitial and alveolar lung pattern with cranioventral distribution typical of bacterial pneumonia, diffuse interstitial lung pattern typical of viral pneumonia, and a mixed lung pattern.
    • Canine Distemper:
      • Radiographs:
        • May not be helpful for early diagnosis of discospondylitis
    • Diagnostic procedures:
      • Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas analysis can reveal hypoxemia in pneumonia.

    Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD)

    • CIRD is a common condition in dogs, especially those in kennels, shelters, and veterinary hospitals.
    • Dogs can be infected with multiple viruses and bacteria that cause CIRD.
    • Most common causes include: Canine adenovirus (CAV-2), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Canine herpesvirus (CHV-1), Canine influenza virus (CIV), Canine pneumovirus (CnPnV), Canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
    • CIRD is characterized by respiratory signs, such as coughing, sneezing, and nasal discharge.
    • While many dogs recover on their own, some develop more serious complications like pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, tracheobronchitis, and even sepsis.
    • Diagnosis of CIRD is often based on clinical signs, but radiographs, cytology of respiratory secretions, and microbial cultures are helpful for confirming the specific causative agent.
    • Treatment of uncomplicated CIRD usually involves antibiotics like amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or doxycycline to target bacterial infections.
    • Vaccines for CAV-2, CDV, and B. bronchiseptica/CPIV are recommended as core vaccines for all puppies.
    • Avoiding overcrowding and proper kennel hygiene are essential in preventing the spread of CIRD.

    Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)

    • Definition: A contagious, often fatal viral disease affecting various members of the Carnivora order.
    • Cause: CDV, belonging to the Morbillivirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family.
    • Transmission: Typically airborne via respiratory droplets; shed in respiratory secretions, urine, and lymphatic tissues.
    • Pathophysiology: Virus replicates locally in the nasal cavity, pharynx, and lungs before spreading via viremia.
    • Clinical Signs:
      • Early Signs: Fever, respiratory signs (nasal and ocular discharge, cough, lethargy), gastrointestinal signs (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea).
      • Neurological Signs: Occurs weeks after initial infection; can manifest as seizures, mentation changes, ataxia, paresis, myoclonus, optic neuritis, retinal lesions, and even hardening of footpads.
    • Diagnosis: Differentiate from other meningoencephalitides (e.g., autoimmune, protozoal, fungal, rickettsial), rabies, and canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD).
      • Serology: Positive antibody tests may indicate exposure but do not differentiate between vaccination and infection.
      • Immunohistochemistry: Detection of CDV antigen in tissues like haired skin, nasal mucosa, and footpad epithelium.
      • Viral Antigen/Inclusion bodies: May be present in buffy coat cells, urine sediment, conjunctival imprints, trans-tracheal wash, and glial cells/neurons.
      • RT-PCR: Can detect viral RNA in various samples, including buffy coat, urine sediment, respiratory secretions, and CSF.
    • Treatment: Symptomatic and supportive care; inpatients should be isolated.
      • Nursing Care: IV fluids for hypovolemia and dehydration.
      • Complications: Possibility of CNS signs developing weeks after catarrhal signs subside.
    • Prognosis: Varies greatly depending on virus strain and individual host response.
      • Mild CNS Signs: Patient may recover, but myoclonus might persist.
      • Death: Likely within 2 weeks to 3 months after infection; mortality rate is approximately 50%.
      • Euthanasia: May be elected by owners if neurologic signs develop in an otherwise healthy animal.
    • Prevention: Vaccination is crucial, especially for young, unvaccinated animals.
    • Precautions: Avoid tetracycline and fluoroquinolones in growing animals as they may interfere with vaccine efficacy.

    Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease (CIRD)

    • Causes: Bordetella bronchiseptica, canine adenovirus type 2, canine parainfluenza virus, canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus, and Mycoplasma spp.
    • Transmission: Airborne via respiratory droplets.
    • Clinical Signs: Coughing spells, initially dry and hacking but can become moist and productive.
    • Diagnosis: Clinical presentation and history are crucial for diagnosis.
      • CBC/Biochemistry/Urinalysis: May show mild leukopenia in the early phases.
    • Treatment: Supportive care, including rest, hydration, and symptomatic therapy.
      • Antibiotics: Considered for secondary bacterial infections.
      • Cough Suppressants: May be helpful but are contraindicated in animals with pneumonia.
      • Glucocorticoids: Reserved for severe, refractory, or inflammatory conditions.
    • Prognosis: Generally good with appropriate care, but severe cases can be fatal.
      • Factors Influencing Prognosis: Age, underlying health conditions, and severity of infection.
      • Complications: Potential for secondary bacterial pneumonia, leading to multiple organ dysfunction.
    • Prevention: Vaccination may reduce the severity of CIRD.

    Canine Brucellosis

    • Goal of treatment is to eradicate Brucella canis from the animal
    • Monthly serologic tests for at least 3 months after treatment completion are recommended
    • Persistent decline in antibodies to negative status indicates successful treatment
    • Recrudescent infections (rise in antibody levels, recurrence of bacteremia after therapy) may require retreat, neutering, or euthanasia
    • Antibiotic treatment is expensive, time-consuming, and controversial due to uncertain outcomes and the potential for recrudescence
    • Euthanasia is strongly recommended for breeding or commercial kennels
    • Treatment is only recommended for spayed or castrated dogs if the owner is willing to accept the ongoing zoonotic risk

    Canine Distemper

    • Acute to subacute, contagious, febrile disease often fatal
    • Caused by canine distemper virus (CDV), a Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family
    • Affects many Carnivora species; mortality rate varies greatly
    • Natural route of infection is airborne and droplet exposure
    • Virus replicates in local lymph nodes and sheds within a week
    • Disease progression depends on virus strain and immune response
    • Gray matter disease affects cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord; causes nonsuppurative meningitis, seizures, mentation change, and ataxia
    • White matter disease is multifocal and commonly causes cerebellovestibular signs, paresis, ataxia, and myoclonus
    • Optic neuritis, retinal lesions, anterior uveitis, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca may occur
    • Hardening of footpads (hyperkeratosis) and nose is uncommon
    • Enamel hypoplasia of teeth may occur after neonatal infection

    Canine Infectious Diarrhea

    • Environmental decontamination prevents transmission to other pets/people and reinfection
    • Isolation during hospitalization is warranted depending on the underlying cause
    • Appropriate vaccination and deworming schedules should be followed
    • Dogs with identified infectious causes of diarrhea should be isolated from other dogs until clinical signs resolve

    Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease

    • Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine is recommended for puppies as early as 2–4 weeks of age
    • Inactivated Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine is administered as two doses 2–4 weeks apart
    • Inactivated CIV vaccines (H3N2 and H3N8) are available to reduce severity and duration of clinical signs
    • CIV vaccines can be administered starting at 6 weeks as two doses 2–4 weeks apart
    • Antimicrobial therapy should continue for at least 10 days beyond radiographic resolution
    • Nebulization with gentamicin can decrease bacterial numbers in dogs with parenchymal disease

    Canine Brucellosis

    • Goal of Treatment: Eradicate Brucella canis from the animal. This means the animal becomes seronegative (no antibodies) and has no bacteremia (no bacteria in the blood) for at least 3 months.
    • Treatment: Antibiotic therapy is expensive, time-consuming, and controversial because outcomes are uncertain and the organism can recrudesce (reemerge).
    • Recommendations: Euthanasia is strongly recommended for breeding or commercial kennels. Treatment is only recommended for spayed or castrated dogs if the owner understands the ongoing zoonotic risk.
    • Monitoring: Monthly serologic tests for at least 3 months after treatment completion. Continuous decline in antibodies to negative status indicates successful treatment.
    • Recrudescent Infections: Retreat, neuter and retreat, or euthanasia. 

    Canine Distemper

    • Expected Course and Prognosis: Depends on the strain and individual host response. Can be subclinical, acute, subacute, fatal, or nonfatal.
    • Mild CNS signs: Patient may recover, but myoclonus (muscle spasms) may continue for months or indefinitely.
    • Death: Can occur 2 weeks to 3 months after infection. Mortality rate is approximately 50%.
    • Euthanasia: Owner may elect to euthanize if uncontrollable seizures occur.

    Canine Infectious Diarrhea

    • Pathophysiology: Typically fecal-oral route of infection. Diarrhea can result from enterotoxins, osmotic diarrhea, or invasion of the epithelium leading to inflammation.
    • Coinfections: Up to 50% of dogs may have coinfections.
    • Causes: Enterotoxins, osmotic diarrhea, or invasion of the epithelium leading to inflammation. Common includes coronaviruses, Cryptosporidium spp., Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Toxocara and Toxascaris roundworms, Cystoisospora spp., and Clostridium difficile.
    • Predisposing Factors: Crowding, poor sanitation, lack of regular parasiticide administration, environmental exposure to livestock or wildlife, and immunosuppressive drug administration.
    • Diagnosis: Ideally perform bronchoalveolar lavage via bronchoscopy for cytology and microbial culture. Tracheal wash sample acceptable, but increased likelihood for upper airway contamination. PCR from bronchoalveolar lavage, nasal, ocular, or pharyngeal secretions can be used to detect virus.

    Miscellaneous

    • Associated Conditions: Persistent or latent Toxoplasma gondii infections may be reactivated due to the immunosuppressive state.
    • Respiratory Infections: Bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough) can cause clinical signs indistinguishable from other respiratory pathogens, but the organism does not cause coinfection with other respiratory pathogens.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the causes, pathophysiology, clinical signs, and treatment of Canine Infectious Diarrhea caused by Canine Parvovirus-2. Test your knowledge on how the virus affects the respiratory and intestinal systems and the associated clinical conditions that arise from it.

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