Veterinary Orthopedic Fracture Classification Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the classification based on orthogonal radiographs of good quality?

  • Fracture location (correct)
  • Cortical involvement
  • Displacement
  • Configuration

    • What does the term 'greenstick' refer to in fracture pattern classification?

  • Fracture not through all 4 visible cortices
  • Skeletally immature animals (correct)
  • Fracture relatively perpendicular to the long axis of bone
  • Crack from the surface

    • What is the term for a fracture line that does not communicate and forms more than two fragments?

  • Segmental (correct)
  • Oblique
  • Transverse
  • Spiral

    • What is the term for a fracture line that is short or long and forms an angle greater than 60°?

    <p>Spiral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the degree of re-constructability in comminuted fractures?

    <p>Communication of fracture lines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fracture that is relatively perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and can have interdigitating edges?

    <p>Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fracture involves a crack from the surface propagating from the main fracture?

    <p>Fissure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fracture line that is short or long and forms an angle between 30° and 60°?

    <p>Oblique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fracture line that is relatively perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and can have an angle less than 30°?

    <p>Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fracture that involves more than two fragments with fracture lines communicating and being reconstructible?

    <p>Comminuted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fracture line that is short or long and forms an angle less than 30°?

    <p>Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a fracture line that does not communicate and forms two fragments?

    <p>Transverse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly affects treatment options and prognosis in fracture etiology?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the S-H classification specifically consider in fracture patterns?

    <p>Anatomically-specific patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the modified Gustilo-Anderson classification assess in fracture classification?

    <p>Soft tissue trauma and contamination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of bad decisions in fracture management?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Patient Fracture Assessment Score (PFAS) evaluate?

    <p>Biological, mechanical, and clinical compliance factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PFAS guide in fracture management?

    <p>Treatment options, prognosis, follow-up plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fracture decision making involve?

    <p>Neutralizing forces causing instability, urgency, patient and owner considerations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PFAS assess in relation to the risk of infection?

    <p>Biological factors such as open or closed fracture; low/high energy trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fracture classification schemes and PFAS provide?

    <p>A comprehensive approach to guide therapeutic interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fracture etiology categorize?

    <p>Traumatic versus pathologic, high energy versus low energy, penetrating versus blunt force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered in patient assessment for orthopedic injury?

    <p>Initial exam and triage, stabilization, diagnostic imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does PFAS guide when monitoring healing?

    <p>Treatment options, prognosis, follow-up plans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is the majority of Canine Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA) cases?

    <p>Primary/Idiopathic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median age for Middle-Aged Female Cocker Spaniels with IMHA?

    <p>6 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Feline IMHA cases are non-regenerative?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the diagnosis of 'Idiopathic' in IMHA refer to?

    <p>A diagnosis of exclusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PCV/TS value for confirming the diagnosis of Anemia in IMHA?

    <p>11%/6.8 g/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most observed secondary cause in Feline IMHA?

    <p>FeLV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Spherocytes difficult to identify' indicate in relation to IMHA?

    <p>Challenges in identifying specific red blood cell morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended percentage to reduce the Prednisone dose during taper?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should adjunctive medications (cyclosporine and clopidogrel) be continued at unchanged doses during the taper of Prednisone?

    <p>Throughout the taper of Prednisone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relapse rate after discontinuing all medications?

    <p>20-25%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should a recheck be scheduled after discontinuing all medications?

    <p>1 month later</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation should Prednisone be increased back to the most recent effective dose during taper?

    <p>If relapse is mild</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can clopidogrel be discontinued?

    <p>When Prednisone is discontinued</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often should rechecks be scheduled during the first year of remission?

    <p>Every 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended reduction percentage for the taper of adjunctive immune-suppressive after discontinuing Prednisone?

    <p>25-50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency of wellness exams during the third year and beyond of remission?

    <p>Every 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic approach for neoplastic causes of IMHA?

    <p>Advanced imaging with FNA of lymphoid structures and bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the treatment approach for onion/garlic toxicity causing IMHA?

    <p>Supportive care, potential transfusions, and antioxidants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk factor for infectious diseases causing IMHA?

    <p>Tick exposure and lack of preventive measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approach to secondary causes of IMHA based on?

    <p>Level of clinical suspicion (LOCS) for factors such as infection, neoplasia, toxicity, and vaccine/drug reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the diagnostic plan for IMHA include?

    <p>CBC with reticulocytes, chemistry profile, urinalysis, and thoracic and abdominal imaging, as well as infectious disease testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of IMHA?

    <p>Anemia (8 g/dL) and the presence of autoantibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in testing for IMHA?

    <p>Assessing autoantibodies, autoagglutination, and performing a Coombs' test to detect insufficient or false-positive antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is specifically mentioned as a potential toxin for dogs in the text?

    <p>Methimazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mainstay of immune-suppressive therapy for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs, according to the text?

    <p>Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood products may be used for transfusions in dogs with IMHA, as specified in the text?

    <p>Packed red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the text as a consideration for administering blood transfusions in dogs with IMHA?

    <p>Clinical signs of compensation or decompensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is highlighted as a potential complication of IMHA in dogs, according to the text?

    <p>Pigment accumulation leading to organ damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text address in relation to the high risk of pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs affected by IMHA?

    <p>Use of anticoagulants and platelet inhibitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized in the text regarding the need for a practical approach to thromboprophylaxis in IMHA?

    <p>Evidence-based approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Fracture Classification and Decision Making in Veterinary Orthopedics

    • Fracture patterns include transverse, short oblique, long oblique, and comminuted, with specific anatomically-specific patterns and the S-H classification
    • Fracture patterns are classified based on displacement, with non-displaced, minimally displaced, and displaced fractures
    • Fracture classification also considers open or closed fractures, with degrees of soft tissue trauma and contamination using the modified Gustilo-Anderson classification
    • Fracture etiology is categorized as traumatic versus pathologic, high energy versus low energy, and penetrating versus blunt force, significantly affecting treatment options and prognosis
    • Consequences of bad decisions in fracture management include technical errors, soft tissue damage, prolonged operating time, breaks in aseptic technique, extra expense, loss of function, infection, implant failure, and other complications
    • Patient assessment for orthopedic injury involves initial exam and triage, stabilization, secondary exam, diagnostic imaging, fracture classification, and decision making
    • Case examples of orthopedic injury management in dogs, including initial stabilization, surgical stabilization, and treatment outcomes
    • Patient Fracture Assessment Score (PFAS) evaluates biological, mechanical, and clinical compliance factors to guide fracture assessment and decision making
    • PFAS categories assess risk of infection, experience of surgeon, function and loads on affected bone, and owner compliance for aftercare instructions
    • PFAS guides treatment options, predicts prognosis, dictates follow-up plans, and sets expectations when monitoring healing
    • Fracture decision making involves adequately neutralizing forces causing instability at the fracture site, considering urgency, and determining if the plan is good for the patient and understood by the owner
    • Fracture classification schemes and PFAS provide a comprehensive approach to guide therapeutic interventions and decision-making in veterinary orthopedics

    Approach to Secondary Causes of Anemia

    • The text discusses a systematic approach to identifying secondary causes of anemia in dogs, including infection, neoplasia, toxicity, and drug reactions.
    • It outlines the level of clinical suspicion and risk factors for each potential cause, offering a structured approach for investigation.

    Identification of Potential Toxins

    • The text highlights the importance of investigating potential toxin exposure, particularly from medications that may be present in the client's home.
    • It lists specific medications, such as antibiotics and methimazole, that could be ingested inappropriately by the dog.

    Diagnostic Process for Anemia

    • It describes a case study of a dog named Murphy and the diagnostic steps taken to confirm the diagnosis of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).
    • The diagnostic process includes assessing environmental exposure, vaccination history, and reviewing the medical records.

    Therapeutic Goals for IMHA

    • The text outlines the therapeutic goals for managing IMHA, including improving red blood cell mass, minimizing pigment impact on organs, mitigating thromboembolic risk, and suppressing the immune system.
    • It emphasizes the importance of balancing therapeutic effects with potential adverse effects when managing IMHA.

    Blood Transfusion Considerations

    • The text discusses the criteria for administering blood transfusions in dogs with IMHA, emphasizing the importance of clinical signs of compensation or decompensation due to anemia.
    • It specifies the types of blood products, such as packed red blood cells or fresh whole blood, that may be used for transfusions.

    Complications of IMHA

    • It highlights the potential complications of IMHA, including pigment accumulation leading to organ damage such as pigment nephropathy and bilirubin encephalopathy.
    • The text underscores the importance of IV fluid support in managing these complications.

    Thromboprophylaxis in IMHA

    • The text addresses the hypercoagulable state associated with IMHA and the high risk of pulmonary thromboembolism in affected dogs.
    • It discusses the use of anticoagulants (heparin, rivaroxaban) and platelet inhibitors (aspirin, clopidogrel) for thromboprophylaxis in IMHA.

    Different Protocols for Thromboprophylaxis

    • It outlines various protocols for thromboprophylaxis in IMHA, including the use of rivaroxaban, aspirin, heparin, clopidogrel, and low-molecular-weight heparin.
    • The text emphasizes the need for a practical approach to thromboprophylaxis based on the presence or absence of evidence of thromboembolism in IMHA.

    Immune-Suppressive Therapy in IMHA

    • The text underscores the use of corticosteroids as the mainstay of immune-suppressive therapy for IMHA due to their broad properties and evidence-based efficacy.
    • It also mentions adjunctive immune-suppressive agents such as az

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    Related Documents

    Lecture 2 - VCS 80630 - Fall 2023 - Fracture Classification and Decision Making - S. Malek PDF
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    Description

    Test your knowledge of fracture classification and decision making in veterinary orthopedics with this quiz. Explore fracture patterns, displacement, etiology, consequences of bad decisions, patient assessment, case examples, Patient Fracture Assessment Score (PFAS), and how these factors guide treatment options and prognosis.

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