Veterinary Medicine: Muscle Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which type of Clostridium infection is primarily associated with muscle that becomes soft and doughy due to edema?

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium septicum (correct)

Clostridium botulinum

Clostridium chauvoei

What is a significant clinical sign of blackleg caused by Clostridium chauvoei?

Frothy discharge from the mouth

Dark and dry infected muscles (correct)

Lying down and unable to stand

Painless and cold muscles

Which nutritional deficiency is primarily linked to white muscle disease?

Selenium (correct)

Calcium

Copper

Vitamin K

In diagnosing muscle damage, which blood work indicator is notably elevated in cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis?

CK and AST Signup and view all the answers

What symptom indicates the acute cardiac form of selenium and Vitamin E deficiency?

Frothy or bloody discharge from pulmonary congestion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of both the tendon and its sheath?

Tenosynovitis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic tool to identify tendon damage in horses?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is not typically associated with tendon damage in horses?

Weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following breeds is most commonly associated with the chronic form of exertional rhabdomyolysis?

Arabians Signup and view all the answers

What dietary change is recommended for horses with Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)?

High fat, low starch diet Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hyperthermia in horses?

Thermoregulatory failure Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you likely see elevated levels of CK and AST in a horse's blood test?

Exertional rhabdomyolysis Signup and view all the answers

What major factor can contribute to sole bruises in horses?

Genetics or conformation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign of West Nile virus in large animals?

Seizures Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treatment options is NOT commonly used for infectious bovine keratitis?

Cryotherapy Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of squamous cell carcinoma indicates it has not yet invaded deeper tissues?

Carcinoma in situ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of entropion in lambs?

Inherited condition Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is indicative of the active stage of equine recurrent uveitis?

Photophobia Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using fluorescein dye during an ophthalmic exam?

To identify corneal damage Signup and view all the answers

Which prevention method is effective against West Nile virus in animals?

Annual vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of untreated equine recurrent uveitis?

Permanent blindness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Ruminant Muscular System Disorders

Clostridium spp.: Gram-positive bacteria; infection routes include ingestion (botulinum, perfringens) and wound contamination (chauvoei, septicum, tetani); diagnosis involves enzyme tests (CK and AST) and smear analysis; treatment includes antibiotics and surgery; vaccination is available.

Clostridium Chauvoei (Blackleg)

Effects: Upper leg, diaphragm, tongue, heart, neck, and jaw; no penetrating trauma required.
Clinical Signs: Initially, muscles are hot, tight, and painful, progressing to painless and cold emphysema; infected muscles are dark and dry; localized post-mortem emphysema is significant.

Clostridium septicum / novyi (Malignant edema)

Effects: Any muscle; penetrating trauma is required.
Clinical Signs: Soft doughy muscles (edema); infected muscles are red and wet.

Selenium and Vitamin E Deficiencies

Clinical Signs (Cardiac Form): Acute onset, frothy or bloody discharge, normal temperature, and increased or normal heart rate, dyspnea.
Clinical Signs (Skeletal Muscle Form): More common; animals lie down and struggle to stand, show stiffness/trembling, and have stiff shoulders, backs, or hips; normal temperature, myoglobinuria.
Clinical Signs (Smooth Muscle Form): Dystocia, retained placentas, chronic bloat, left displaced abomasum.
Diagnosis: Bloodwork (increased CK and AST) – muscle damage; increased creatinine; myoglobinuria. Subclinical – test milk or blood for selenium. Post-mortem – liver analysis, light muscles.
Treatment: Parental selenium and vitamin E.

Horse Tendon Damage

Thoroughpin: Swelling above the hock; not associated with lameness.
Bog Spavin: Swelling in the hock; not associated with lameness.
Bowed Tendon: Injury to superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) or deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT).
Curb: Inflammation of the plantar tarsal ligament of the hock.
Tendonitis: Inflammation of the tendon, but not the tendon sheath.
Tenosynovitis: Inflammation of the tendon and sheath.
Tendon rupture: Fiber rupture.
Accessory check ligament bows: Appear in the upper third of the leg.

Sole Bruises

Cause: Damage to blood vessels in the lamina between the sole and P3; often due to hard surfaces, improper shoeing, or genetics.
Clinical Signs: Lameness, bruising, infection.

Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

Sporadic (SER): Over-exertion, dietary issues, inadequate warm-up.
Chronic (CER): Recurrent. Abnormal intracellular Ca regulation from stress causing disrupted muscle contractions.
Breeds at risk: Thoroughbreds, standardbreds, and Arabians.
Increased heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR).
Diagnosis: Clinical signs (cramping, stiffness); chemical analysis for increased CK and AST levels; muscle biopsy.
Treatment: Acepromazine, intravenous fluids, rest.

Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy (PSSM)

Type 1: Excess carbohydrate storage in muscle; common in Quarter Horses, Morgans, and draft horses.
Type 2: Similar clinical signs and often younger horses show symptoms.

Tetanus

Cause: Clostridium tetani
Clinical signs: Muscular rigidity, spasms, prolapse of third eyelid, hyperesthesia, puncture wound.
Diagnosis: Culture, Gram stain, smear from site.
Treatment: Antitoxin, antibiotics.
Prevention: Vaccination.

Neonatal Encephalitis

Cause: Bovine Herpes Virus (IBR) or E. coli.
Clinical signs: Salivation, nasal and oral mucosa inflammation, respiratory distress, opisthotonus.
Diagnosis: CSF analysis (increased WBCs, protein).
Prevention: Vaccination.

Histophilus Somni (Histophilosis)

Cause: bacteria, septicemia -> vasculitis
Clinical signs: Pre-acute (dead animals), acute (Neurological involvement, pneumonia/pleural involvement, myocardial necrosis, and synovial involvement; laryngitis; apparent blindness; depressed animals).
Diagnosis: Microscopic evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with neutrophils, and bacterial culture.
Prevention: Vaccination.

Listeriosis

Cause: Listeria monocytogenes. Zoonotic.
Cause: Bacteria enters through oral mucosal abrasions and travels up cranial nerves to the brain.
Clinical signs: Encephalitis, unilateral brain stem infection; unilateral facial hypoplasia, facial nerve paralysis, ataxia/circling, head tilt, abortion, septicemia, ophthalmitis.
Diagnosis: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis; post mortem (PM) histology.
Treatment: Broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Prevention: No vaccine available.

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE)

Types: Scrapie (sheep), Chronic Wasting Disease (cervids), Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow).
Cause: Abnormal isoform protein (PrPsc) replication in the central nervous system (CNS).
Source of PrPsc: Genetic mutation, iatrogenic, ingestion.
Clinical signs vary; weight loss, neurological issues, behavioral changes. (Sheep; Scrapie: rubbing/biting at wool, weeks between episodes, behavioral, incoordination, tremors). Cattle (BSE): long incubation period, weight loss, neurological signs, behavior changes, specific risk materials include (Skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, tonsils, spinal cord).
Diagnosis: Confirmatory tests performed by CFIA on brain tissue (ELISA).
Prevention: Removal of specific risk materials.

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

Cause: Thiamine deficiency; sporadic in feedlot cattle; softening of gray matter in the brain.
Other causes: Lead poisoning, nitrate/sulfate poisoning, salt poisoning.

Equine Encephalomyelitis

Cause: Virus spread by mosquitoes. Birds are reservoir hosts.
Clinical signs: Lethargy, fever, circling, head pressing, blindness, seizures, permanent CNS damage.
Diagnosis: CBC (lymphopenia, neutropenia) and CSF (increased total protein and WBCs).
Prevention: Vaccinations starting at the beginning of mosquito season.

West Nile Virus (WNV)

Cause: Virus spread by mosquitoes.. Birds (crows, magpies) are the main hosts.
Clinical signs: May be asymptomatic, or ataxia/head tilt, hypermetria, seizures, fever, behavioral changes.
Humans: 3-15 day incubation, flu-like symptoms.
Diagnosis: Antibody testing.
Prevention: Vaccinations.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Cancer Eye)

Cause: UV exposure, light pigmented animals.
Stages: Epithelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, squamous cell carcinoma.

###Infectious Bovine Keratitis (Pinkeye)

Cause: Moraxella bovis.
Clinical signs: Infection, edema of conjunctiva, epiphora, blepharospasm; opacity of cornea; ulceration, purulent discharge
Treatment: Subconjunctival injections, eye patches, antibiotics.
Prevention: Vaccination.

Entropion

Cause: Eyelid rolls inward; cilia rubs on cornea; inherited condition in lambs.
Clinical signs: Epiphora, corneal edema, blepharospasm.
Treatment: May self-correct; eyelid eversion with sutures; injection of penicillin.

Equine Recurrent Uveitis

Cause: Bacteria, parasites, and trauma. Common in specific horse breeds.
Effects: Uvea, iris, ciliary body, choroid.
Clinical signs: Stages; Active, Quiescent, and End stage.
Diagnosis: Fluorescein dye, tonometry, CBC/chemistry tests, leptospirosis tests.
Treatment: NSAIDs, steriods, atropine, antibiotics.
Ophthalmic procedures: Fluorescein dye (orange/green/yellow), subpalpebral lavage (SPL), subconjunctival/palpebral injection.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various muscle disorders in veterinary medicine, focusing on Clostridium infections and nutritional deficiencies. This quiz covers significant clinical signs, diagnostic indicators, and symptoms related to muscle diseases in animals.