Muscle Disorders and Reflexes Quiz

Automatic responses, typically involving a stimulus, sensory nerve, spinal cord, motor nerve, and muscle contraction, without brain involvement.

The pathway a reflex travels from stimulus to response.

A reflex that is absent or diminished, indicating a possible issue with the nerve pathway, such as a nerve injury or disease.

An exaggerated reflex, often indicating an upper motor neuron lesion, like a stroke.

Rhythmic, involuntary muscle contractions due to sudden tendon stretching, often seen with an upper motor neuron lesion.

A technique used to enhance a reflex by asking the patient to clench their teeth or pull on their arms, increasing muscle tension.

A nerve disorder affecting peripheral nerves, often causing weakness, numbness, and tingling.

A nerve disorder affecting multiple peripheral nerves, often causing widespread symptoms like weakness, numbness, and tingling.

A type of MS where symptoms worsen steadily from the beginning, with increasing disability.

A type of MS where symptoms worsen gradually over time after an initial period of relapses and remissions.

A type of MS where symptoms come and go, with periods of complete or near-complete recovery.

Drugs that modify the course of MS by reducing the frequency and severity of relapses and slowing disease progression.

A scale used to assess disability in MS patients, ranging from 0 (no disability) to 10 (death).

A short-term treatment for acute relapses of MS, involving high doses of methylprednisolone.

A neurological condition that affects the central nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to the myelin sheath that protects nerve fibers.

The criteria that determine whether a patient is eligible for DMD treatment. It typically includes factors like diagnosis, disability level, and other health considerations.

A condition where the third cranial nerve is affected, resulting in weakness of the eye muscles, causing drooping eyelid (ptosis), dilated pupil, and the eye looking down and outwards. Other potential causes include diabetes, giant cell arteritis, syphilis, and posterior communicating artery aneurysm.

A condition where the fourth cranial nerve is affected, resulting in double vision when looking down and inwards. The affected individual may tilt their head to compensate.

A condition affecting the fifth cranial nerve, responsible for facial sensation and jaw movement. Sensory symptoms include facial pain, numbness, and loss of corneal reflex. Motor symptoms include jaw weakness and deviation.

A condition affecting the sixth cranial nerve, responsible for controlling the lateral rectus eye muscle, resulting in double vision when looking outwards.

A condition affecting the seventh cranial nerve, responsible for facial expression control. Symptoms include facial weakness, drooping, and inability to raise eyebrows, show teeth, or puff out cheeks.

A condition affecting the eighth cranial nerve, responsible for hearing and balance. Symptoms include hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), and dizziness.

A condition affecting the ninth cranial nerve, responsible for taste, swallowing, and salivary gland function. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, and taste alterations.

A condition affecting the tenth cranial nerve, responsible for controlling the heart, lungs, and digestive system. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing, voice changes, and gastrointestinal disturbances.

Loss of smell, often due to trauma, tumors in the frontal lobe, or meningitis.

Loss of vision in one eye due to damage to the optic nerve. Can result from conditions like MS or giant cell arteritis.

Loss of vision in both the right and left halves of the visual fields. Often caused by compression of the optic chiasm from a pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, or internal carotid artery aneurysm.

Loss of vision in half of the visual field on one side of the body. It occurs when the optic tract is damaged and is often caused by a stroke or tumor.

A group of diseases that affect the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). Common symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, vision problems, and numbness. MS is an autoimmune disease. DM is a progressive neurodegenerative disease.

A chronic inflammatory disease affecting various organs, including the lungs, eyes, skin, and lymph nodes. Often affects the nervous system, potentially causing cranial nerve damage.

Inflammation of blood vessels, potentially affecting the nervous system. This leads to damage to the vessel walls and narrowing of blood vessels, affecting blood flow to the brain.

A sexually transmitted infection that can cause damage to the nervous system. If left untreated, it can affect many organs and systems, including the brain and nerves leading to vision problems.

Drugs that can cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy.

A condition where muscles relax slowly after contraction, like difficulty letting go of a grip.

A group of genetic disorders causing progressive muscle weakness and degeneration.

An autosomal dominant genetic disorder with variable symptoms including muscle weakness and myotonia.

A genetic disorder causing muscle weakness and myotonia, particularly affecting the face, eyelids, jaw, neck, forearms, hands, lower legs, and feet.

A condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, often accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, particularly at night. It occurs in about 1 in 10 people and can be caused by several factors, including iron deficiency, pregnancy, medications, and underlying medical conditions.

An acute neurological condition caused by severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. Symptoms include nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), ophthalmoplegia (eye muscle paralysis), and ataxia (lack of coordination). This condition is often a serious complication of alcohol misuse.

A neurological condition that can occur after Wernicke's Encephalopathy. It is characterized by a severe anterograde amnesia, difficulty forming new memories. Individuals with Korsakoff syndrome often invent stories to fill in gaps in their memory.

An inherited neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements, particularly chorea (rapid, jerky movements), and dementia. The condition is caused by a faulty gene and can be identified before symptoms appear. It primarily affects adults but can also affect children.

An inherited neurological disorder that affects the nervous system and heart muscle. It causes progressive ataxia (lack of coordination), muscle weakness, and speech difficulties. It also affects the heart, often leading to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, a condition where the heart muscle thickens. This disorder is usually diagnosed in adolescence and progresses over time, causing significant disability.

A rare neurological condition that causes involuntary muscle contractions called tics. These tics can range from simple movements like blinking to complex movements, and may include vocalizations. The condition is often diagnosed in childhood and can be accompanied by behavioral issues and anxiety.