Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of death in the first week of malignant edema?
Which type of hypersensitivity is anaphylaxis classified as?
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Haemophilus complex?
Which organism is NOT part of the two-host cycle associated with sarcocystosis?
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What is the leading cause of mortality in neonatal cattle?
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What is the primary condition associated with 'frothy bloat'?
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What type of bloat is caused by interference in the normal eructation process?
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Which condition is primarily characterized by dehydration and a 'papple' shape of the abdomen?
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What is a common consequence of lactic acidosis that leads to liver abscesses?
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Which type of hardware disease is more prevalent in mature dairy cattle compared to beef cattle?
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What is the primary risk factor associated with left displaced abomasum (LDA)?
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Intussusception refers to which of the following conditions?
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Cecal dilation and volvulus are commonly associated with which time period in cattle?
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What is the primary characteristic of Parturient-Paresis?
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What commonly precipitates Pregnancy Toxemia in cattle?
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Which treatment is considered effective for Ketosis in cattle?
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What is a significant cause of Hypomagnesemic Tetany in cattle?
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What is a common complication following untreated Parturient-Paresis?
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Which factors are thought to contribute to Parturient Paresis in ewes?
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What is one consequences of prolonged transport in cattle?
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What type of photosensitization is caused by liver dysfunction?
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Synonym of Allergic Rhinitis
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Cause of Sinusitis (Paranasal Sinusitis)
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One form of Honkers (Tracheal Edema)
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Synonym for Aspiration Pneumonia
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Lungworm of cattle
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What clinical sign is specifically associated with Suprascapular Paralysis?
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Which condition is known for causing acute pruritus and self-mutilation in animals?
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What is the primary treatment consideration for Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)?
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What clinical sign indicates Obturator Nerve Paralysis in cows?
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Which of the following diseases is primarily linked to the consumption of contaminated food leading to progressive muscular paralysis?
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What is a key characteristic of Organophosphate Poisoning?
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Which condition is most associated with acute brain stem meningoencephalitis in ruminants?
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What is a significant symptom of Lead Toxicity in cattle?
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Study Notes
Malignant Edema
- Acute, often fatal toxemia affecting multiple species, including horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and humans.
- Primarily caused by Clostridium septicum.
- Leading cause of death in the first week of presentation.
- Characterized by the presence of beta toxin, an endotoxin derived from Gram-negative bacterial cell walls.
Anaphylaxis
- Immediate hypersensitivity reaction classified as Type I.
- Occurs upon exposure to antigens previously encountered by the immune system.
- Involves degranulation of mast cells and basophils.
- Major impact on smooth muscles, particularly targeting the lungs.
Haemophilus Complex
- Associated with septicemic diseases.
- Notable for causing thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME), which has a particular affinity for the brain, including the cerebellum and brain stem.
Sarcocystosis
- Involves a two-host life cycle where predators and prey interact.
- Notable species include Sarcocystis cruzi (common between dogs and cattle) and Sarcocystis hirsuta (common between cats and cattle).
Coccidiosis
- Caused by Eimeria species, specifically Eimeria bovis affecting the cecum and colon, and Eimeria zuernii impacting both the small and large intestines.
Bovine Ephemeral Fever (3-Day Disease)
- Transmitted primarily by arthropods.
- The disease is characterized by a bullet shape, affecting bovine health over a short duration.
Neonatal Diarrhea (Calf Scours)
- Recognized as the leading cause of death in neonatal cattle.
- Suckling calves typically do not require bicarbonate supplementation.
Grain Overload
- Also known as lactic acidosis, rumen impaction, and CHO engorgement.
- Associated with liver abscesses due to fragile and thin mucus membranes of the rumen.
Bloat
- Synonyms include tympanitis and tympany.
- Primary (Frothy Bloat): Occurs with legume pastures or high concentrate diets; stable foam traps fermentation gas in small bubbles, preventing eructation.
- Secondary (Free Gas Bloat): Caused by physical interference with eructation.
- Chronic Free Bloat: Often seen in calves with pneumonia or disruption of vagal trunks.
- Postmortem examination may reveal a "bloat line" at the esophagus and cervical region.
Vagal Indigestion (Hoflund's Syndrome, Abomasal Reflux)
- A group of conditions obstructing ingesta passage from the reticulorumen or abomasum.
- Type 1 (Omasal-transport failure): Often caused by primary hardware disease.
- Type 2 (Pyloric outflow failure): Most commonly due to volvulus of the abomasum or a displaced abomasum.
- Clinical signs for both types include dehydration and a distinctive "papple" shape (apple on the left, pear on the right) due to filling rather than gas.
Liver Abscesses
- Also referred to as necrobacillosis of the liver.
- More prevalent in beef cattle compared to dairy, predominantly linked to rumenitis from lactic acidosis.
Hardware Disease
- More frequently seen in mature dairy cattle than in beef cattle.
Left Displaced Abomasum (LDA)
- Occurs more commonly than Right Displaced Abomasum (RDA).
- Highest risk during early lactation, particularly postpartum; these animals may exhibit "swinger" behavior.
Intussusception
- A condition where a segment of the bowel telescopes into an adjacent segment.
Cecal Dilation and Volvulus
- Associated with parturition (postpartum).
- Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) reduce cecal motility, leading to gas accumulation and distention.
Rectal Prolapse
- Common occurrence, with the highest incidence in Hereford cattle.
- Also seen in sheep; associated with twisting of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon.
Parturient-Paresis (Milk Fever)
- Occurs around parturition in adult females.
- Characterized by hypocalcemia, weakness, circulatory collapse, and impaired consciousness.
- Body temperature may be normal to subnormal.
- Etiology includes sudden calcium loss through milk production.
- Treatment involves restoring calcium levels quickly while considering cardiotoxicity; oral calcium is preferred to mitigate risks.
Downer Cow Syndrome
- A complication resulting from delayed treatment of hypocalcemic parturient paresis.
- Manifestation includes sternal recumbency in affected cows.
Parturient Paresis in Ewes
- Exact cause remains unknown.
- Possible contributing factors are deficiencies in calcium and magnesium.
Ketosis in Cattle (Acetonemia)
- Results from a negative energy balance occurring around six weeks post-parturition.
- Cows struggle to eat and assimilate sufficient nutrients.
- Treatment includes Vitamin B12 administration.
Fatty Liver Disease of Cattle (Fat Cow Syndrome)
- Common in periparturient cattle due to endocrine changes leading to fatty liver development.
- Inappetence often accompanies severe cases, particularly seen in reconditioned cows at calving.
Hypomagnesemic Tetany in Cattle and Sheep
- Known as Grass Tetany or Grass Staggers.
- Occurs from low plasma magnesium concentrations during maintenance and lactation.
- Risks increase with reduced food intake during bad weather or while grazing short grass-dominated pastures.
- High potassium and nitrogen intake coupled with low sodium and phosphorus levels reduces magnesium absorption in the rumen.
Hypomagnesemic Tetany in Calves (Whole Milk Tetany)
- Typically affects calves aged 2 to 4 months old.
- Associated with decreased magnesium absorption.
Pregnancy Toxemia in Cattle
- Arises when fetal energy demands surpass maternal supply in the last trimester.
- Precipitated by large or multiple fetuses and low-energy or low-protein diets.
Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes (Twin Lamb Disease)
- Characterized by refusal to eat, subsequent neurological dysfunction, and can lead to recumbency and death.
Transport Tetany (Railroad Disease/Sickness)
- Affects well-fed cows and ewes in late pregnancy during or immediately after extended transport and stress.
Postparturient Hemoglobinuria
- A condition affecting high-producing dairy cows post-calving.
Transit Recumbency
- Caused by prolonged transit, leads to recumbency, alimentary tract stasis, and coma; highly fatal.
Photosensitization
- Condition where lightly pigmented skin hypersensitizes to sunlight.
- Primary photosensitization is caused by plants like Hypericin (St John's-wort) and Fagopyrin (buckwheat).
- Secondary photosensitization (hepatogenous) results from liver dysfunction.
Aberrant Pigment Metabolism
- Involves photosensitizing porphyrin agents that can lead to photosensitization issues.
Allergic Rhinitis
- Also known as Summer snuffles, Atopic rhinitis, or Nasal granuloma.
Sinusitis and Paranasal Sinusitis
- Cause attributed to dehorning procedures.
- Frontal sinus extends into the "horn" (cornual process) after more than six months.
Calf Diphtheria
- Also referred to as Laryngeal necrobacillosis or Necrotic laryngitis.
- Primarily caused by the bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum.
Honkers
- Synonym for Tracheal Edema.
- Two forms are recognized: Acute dyspnea and Chronic cough.
- Characterized by loud guttural inspiration as a clinical sign.
Lungworm
- Known collectively as Verminous bronchitis, Verminous pneumonia, or "Husk".
- Caused by the parasite Dictyocaulus viviparus.
Aspiration Pneumonia
- Also called Gangrenous, Foreign body, Medication, or Lipid Inhalation Pneumonia.
- Commonly caused by improper techniques like careless drenching or the use of stomach tubes.
Suprascapular Paralysis
- Also known as Sweeney.
- Acute lateral shoulder displacement observed in affected animals.
- Chronic condition leads to atrophy, resulting in a prominent scapular spine.
Obturator Nerve Paralysis
- Known as Calving paralysis.
- Contributes to "downer cow syndrome."
- Clinical signs include minimal deficits on nonslip surfaces and severe abduction of limbs, leading to splay leggedness.
- Affected animals struggle to adduct limbs on slippery surfaces, causing them to "split" apart.
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
- Synonyms include Thiamine deficiency, Cerebrocortical necrosis, and Cerebral edema.
- Resultant from deficiency in Thiamine (Vitamin B1), crucial for carbohydrate metabolism into glucose.
- Decreased glucose availability to the brain triggers cerebral edema and necrosis.
- Clinical signs are sporadic, often in outbreaks, characterized by "star gazing" (dorsomedial strabismus), which is pathognomonic.
- IV glucose is contraindicated as carbohydrate metabolism is impaired.
Pseudorabies
- Also called Aujeszky's disease, Mad itch, or Infectious bulbar paralysis.
- Caused by a herpesvirus, primarily affecting swine.
- Initial phase is marked by excitement, possible aggression, and agitation.
- Symptoms include acute pruritus and self-mutilation, with affected animals chewing or biting themselves.
- Diagnosis involves culture and exposure history to swine.
Listeriosis
- Referred to as Circling Disease.
- Associated with brain stem meningoencephalitis, predominantly seen in ruminants.
- Caused by Listeria monocytogenes.
Botulism
- Known as Forage poisoning or Lamsiekte.
- Caused by Clostridium botulinum (types B, C, and D), leading to lethal food poisoning in humans and animals.
- Clinical signs include gradual muscular paralysis, which can culminate in death within 24 hours or persist for weeks.
Tetanus
- Commonly referred to as Lockjaw.
- Caused by Clostridium tetani.
Lead Toxicity
- More prevalent in cattle than horses.
- Recognized as the most common inorganic poisoning.
- Cattle often have indiscriminate eating habits, increasing exposure risk from items like lead objects and used motor oil.
- Consumption of old batteries is a leading cause of lead poisoning.
- Clinical signs include the "snapping of eyelids."
Organophosphate Poisoning
- Also referred to as Organophosphorus insecticide poisoning.
- Associated compounds include parathion, dichlorvos, malathion, ronnel, ruelene, and trichlorofon.
- Similar effects observed in carbamate poisonings, but organophosphate effects are irreversible.
Carbamate Poisoning
- Insecticides including compounds like carbaryl cause this condition.
- Generally not toxic with proper use.
- Mechanism of action resembles that of organophosphates, but effects are reversible.
- Treatment commonly involves a single administration of atropine due to the reversible nature.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Poisoning
- Also known as Organochlorine insecticide poisoning.
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of malignant edema and anaphylaxis in veterinary medicine, focusing on Clostridium septicum and immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Understand the impacts on horses, sheep, goats, and pigs, and the mechanisms involved. This quiz covers essential knowledge for veterinary practitioners and students.
