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Questions and Answers
What feature does the companion CD-ROM include to aid in keeping the software up to date?
What feature does the companion CD-ROM include to aid in keeping the software up to date?
How many quiz questions are available in the study mode on the CD?
How many quiz questions are available in the study mode on the CD?
What does the interactive exam practice CD offer in addition to review questions?
What does the interactive exam practice CD offer in addition to review questions?
What is a key characteristic of the questions found on the CD that correlates with the review book?
What is a key characteristic of the questions found on the CD that correlates with the review book?
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How many practice questions are available on the interactive exam practice CD?
How many practice questions are available on the interactive exam practice CD?
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What should a user do to utilize the updates feature on the software?
What should a user do to utilize the updates feature on the software?
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What is the purpose of the practice questions in the study mode?
What is the purpose of the practice questions in the study mode?
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What does the scoring function on the interactive exam practice CD allow users to do?
What does the scoring function on the interactive exam practice CD allow users to do?
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Which of the following is an occasional cause of hypocalcemia?
Which of the following is an occasional cause of hypocalcemia?
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What is the most common cause of ionized hypercalcemia in dogs?
What is the most common cause of ionized hypercalcemia in dogs?
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Which enzyme is considered a leakage enzyme for evaluating liver function?
Which enzyme is considered a leakage enzyme for evaluating liver function?
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Which of the following is NOT an uncommon cause of hypocalcemia?
Which of the following is NOT an uncommon cause of hypocalcemia?
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Which enzyme elevation is indicative of muscle injury rather than liver damage in certain animals?
Which enzyme elevation is indicative of muscle injury rather than liver damage in certain animals?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to hypocalcemia due to intestinal malabsorption?
Which of the following conditions can lead to hypocalcemia due to intestinal malabsorption?
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What is the significance of parathyroid hormone levels in the context of hypercalcemia?
What is the significance of parathyroid hormone levels in the context of hypercalcemia?
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Which of the following is a critical illness-related cause of hypocalcemia?
Which of the following is a critical illness-related cause of hypocalcemia?
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What effect does acidosis have on ionized calcium concentration?
What effect does acidosis have on ionized calcium concentration?
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Which condition is characterized by hypocalcemia with a low or low-normal concentration of parathyroid hormone?
Which condition is characterized by hypocalcemia with a low or low-normal concentration of parathyroid hormone?
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What common cause of hypocalcemia is associated with high levels of urinary calcium due to renal failure?
What common cause of hypocalcemia is associated with high levels of urinary calcium due to renal failure?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to excessive dietary intake resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism?
Which of the following conditions can lead to excessive dietary intake resulting in secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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What is the effect of intestinal malabsorption syndromes on phosphorus levels?
What is the effect of intestinal malabsorption syndromes on phosphorus levels?
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Which of the following conditions can occur postoperatively after removal of a parathyroid adenoma?
Which of the following conditions can occur postoperatively after removal of a parathyroid adenoma?
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Which of the following best describes the role of magnesium in the body?
Which of the following best describes the role of magnesium in the body?
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When might one see hypophosphatemia linked to chronic metabolic acidosis?
When might one see hypophosphatemia linked to chronic metabolic acidosis?
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What type of publication is 'Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NAVLE'?
What type of publication is 'Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NAVLE'?
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Who is the author of the 'Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NAVLE'?
Who is the author of the 'Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NAVLE'?
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What should practitioners do regarding drug therapy according to the publication?
What should practitioners do regarding drug therapy according to the publication?
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What does the copyright notice imply about the material in the publication?
What does the copyright notice imply about the material in the publication?
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What is one of the responsibilities of the practitioner mentioned in the publication?
What is one of the responsibilities of the practitioner mentioned in the publication?
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What is the ISBN number of 'Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NAVLE'?
What is the ISBN number of 'Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NAVLE'?
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Which of the following is a potential consequence mentioned for using information in the publication without proper verification?
Which of the following is a potential consequence mentioned for using information in the publication without proper verification?
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In which state is the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health located?
In which state is the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health located?
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Which individual is identified as the Vice President and Publisher?
Which individual is identified as the Vice President and Publisher?
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Which university is associated with Rebecca S. McConnico as an Associate Professor?
Which university is associated with Rebecca S. McConnico as an Associate Professor?
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What is William Raphael's area of specialization?
What is William Raphael's area of specialization?
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Which contributor is affiliated with the Department of Exotics and Wildlife?
Which contributor is affiliated with the Department of Exotics and Wildlife?
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Which institution does J. Jill Heatley represent?
Which institution does J. Jill Heatley represent?
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Which individual holds the position of Associate Professor at Kansas State University?
Which individual holds the position of Associate Professor at Kansas State University?
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What type of degree does Daniel L. Grooms hold?
What type of degree does Daniel L. Grooms hold?
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Which role is Jessica Williams responsible for?
Which role is Jessica Williams responsible for?
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Study Notes
Liver Enzymes
- Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is also known as serum pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
- ALT is not liver-specific
- ALT is a leakage enzyme
- In dogs and cats, ALT is mostly present in hepatocytes
- ALT levels can increase due to muscle injury
- Horses and ruminants have little ALT in hepatocytes, therefore elevated levels are usually indicators of muscle damage
- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) is a leakage enzyme
- AST is present in hepatocytes, but also in muscle cells
- AST levels can increase in muscle injury and liver disease
Ionized Calcium
- Hypoalbuminemia can cause hypocalcemia
- Acute renal failure can cause hypocalcemia
- Hyperparathyroidism can cause hypercalcemia in dogs, commonly due to lymphoma
- Eclampsia is a cause of hypocalcemia
- The most common cause of ionized hypercalcemia in dogs is neoplasia
- The most common primary neoplasm causing hypercalcemia in dogs is lymphoma
- Hypercalcemia, in which the parathyroid hormone is suppressed, indicates parathyroid-independent hypercalcemia
- Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma is another cause of parathyroid-independent hypercalcemia in dogs
- Other causes of hypercalcemia include hypovitaminosis D, pancreatitis, ethylene glycol poisoning and soft tissue trauma
- Phosphate binders should not be used as they don't reliably predict ionized calcium concentration
- Acidosis and alkalosis can affect ionized calcium concentration
- Acidosis increases ionized calcium concentrations
- Alkalosis decrease ionized calcium concentrations
- Parathyroid hormone is usually low or low-normal in cases of primary hypoparathyroidism
- Hypermagnesemia can also be seen in cases of primary hypoparathyroidism
- Hypomagnesemia can also cause hypocalcemia
- Hypocalcemia can also be caused by dilution with calcium-free IV fluids
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of liver enzymes and ionized calcium in veterinary medicine, focusing on the significance of ALT and AST levels, and the conditions affecting calcium levels in dogs and cats. Test your knowledge on important biochemical indicators and their implications for animal health.
