Veterinary Medicine Assessment Techniques
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Questions and Answers

What does the visual analogue scale (VAS) primarily assess in both human and veterinary medicine?

  • Pain levels (correct)
  • Blood pressure
  • Nutritional status
  • Heart rate

Which of the following is NOT one of the three levels at which diseases are defined?

  • Specific causes
  • Lesions or deranged functions
  • Environmental factors (correct)
  • Presenting problems

What is the term used for diseases named after people, such as Rubarth's disease?

  • Aetiology
  • Symptomatology
  • Diagnosis
  • Eponym (correct)

Which of the following best describes the concept of sensitivity in diagnostic methods?

<p>The proportion of true positives detected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statistical concept indicates the degree of agreement between observations made on the same animals by the same observer?

<p>Reliability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term indicates the long-term characteristic of a diagnostic technique that is influenced by sensitivity and specificity?

<p>Validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'accuracy' refer to in the context of investigations or measurements?

<p>Extent of conformity to the truth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly a necessary characteristic of a diagnostic method in order to minimize the effects of bias?

<p>Known extent of bias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of descriptive epidemiology?

<p>Observing and recording diseases and causal factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is analytic epidemiology primarily classified?

<p>By the manipulation of the exposure variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes ecological epidemiology from clinical epidemiology?

<p>Emphasis on transmission factors in the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epidemiology uses computer science to support studies?

<p>Computational epidemiology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic disease epidemiology primarily concerns itself with diseases characterized by what aspect?

<p>Long duration and persistent effects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does molecular epidemiology differentiate from other epidemiological subdisciplines?

<p>It utilizes new diagnostic techniques related to disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does micro-epidemiology primarily focus on?

<p>The study of disease in small groups and animal models (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a classification method of analytic epidemiology?

<p>Dynamic or Static (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of problems in secondary data collection?

<p>The collection may not align with the investigator's objectives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can negatively impact cooperation in data collection?

<p>Concerns about confidentiality breaches. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue is specifically mentioned as unique to developing countries concerning data collection?

<p>Poor laboratory diagnostic support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a source of veterinary epidemiological data?

<p>International trade agreements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can restrict information collection on diseases of national importance?

<p>Lack of funds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Primary data is defined as data that is obtained how?

<p>First hand by the investigator. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bias may occur due to the selection of data sources?

<p>Selection bias. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is NOT a source of veterinary epidemiological data?

<p>National Bureau of Animal Industry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of macro-epidemiology?

<p>Analysis of national disease patterns and influencing factors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a cross-sectional survey?

<p>Records events occurring at a specific point in time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of study allows the investigator to randomly assign factors to groups of animals?

<p>Experimental study (Intervention study) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of epidemiology primarily examines the ecology of diseases?

<p>Natural history of disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does surveillance differ from monitoring in epidemiology?

<p>Surveillance is more intensive and broader in scope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study type focuses on describing the distribution and frequency of a disease?

<p>Descriptive study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of causal hypothesis testing in qualitative investigations?

<p>To investigate possible associations between factors and disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of screening in epidemiological studies?

<p>To identify undiagnosed cases of disease rapidly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sensitivity measure in the context of diagnostic tests?

<p>The ability to correctly identify diseased animals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which calculation represents the positive predictive value of a diagnostic test?

<p>a/ (a + b) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a sensitive test be utilized?

<p>When there is a significant risk in missing the disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected outcome when conducting parallel testing?

<p>Animals testing positive for any test are affected (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a specific test help to confirm?

<p>The initial diagnosis suggested by other test results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the false negative rate calculated?

<p>c / (a + c) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Kappa Statistic indicate about diagnostic tests?

<p>It indicates the agreement between tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about the negative predictive value?

<p>It indicates the chance that an animal is healthy if it tests negative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a system in a general context?

<p>An entity comprising at least two related components (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data collection specifically gathers data to fulfill the information system's requirements?

<p>Active collection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the NAHMS?

<p>To monitor health-related events in US livestock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a statistical (epidemiological) table?

<p>It must include a self-explanatory title (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following databases is primarily focused on animal productivity in Canada?

<p>HIN (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of column headings in a statistical table?

<p>They classify the data in that column (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organization is concerned with the global control of animal disease?

<p>Office Internationale des Epizooties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes passive data collection in the veterinary context?

<p>Utilizing existing data sources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Descriptive Epidemiology

Observes and records diseases and potential causal factors. Usually the first step in an investigation.

Analytic Epidemiology

Tests hypotheses about the relationship between two variables. Aims to approximate the counterfactual state by comparing groups.

Theoretical Epidemiology

Uses mathematical models to simulate disease patterns. Helps understand how diseases spread and evolve.

Ecological Epidemiology

Studies the factors that influence disease transmission and maintenance in the environment. Examines the relationship between disease and the ecosystem.

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Clinical Epidemiology

Applies epidemiological principles and findings to diagnose and predict the course of illness in individuals.

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Computational Epidemiology

Uses computer science to analyze epidemiological data. Involves mathematical modeling and expert systems.

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Genetic Epidemiology

Examines the role of genetics in disease development, distribution, and control. Studies inherited diseases in families and populations.

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Molecular Epidemiology

Applies new diagnostic techniques like molecular methods to understand disease progression. Focuses on the molecular level of disease.

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Macro-epidemiology

Study of national disease patterns influenced by social, economic, and political factors.

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Nutritional epidemiology

Investigates the relationship between diet and health outcomes.

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Subclinical epidemiology

Studies disease progression before symptoms appear.

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Descriptive study

Uses observations and descriptions to understand disease patterns.

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Cross-sectional study

Investigates the link between diseases and hypothesized causes within a population.

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Experimental study

The investigator assigns animals to groups with different interventions.

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Monitoring

Regular observations of health, productivity, and environmental factors.

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Surveillance

Intensive data recording and tracking of diseases, both infectious and non-infectious.

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Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)

A straight line, usually 100mm long, used to assess pain intensity by marking the perceived pain level on the line.

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Disease Naming: Specific Cause

A method of naming diseases based on their specific cause, such as a virus or bacteria.

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Disease Naming: Lesions or Deranged Functions

A method of naming diseases based on the affected organ or function, such as inflammation or dysfunction.

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Disease Naming: Presenting Problems

A method of naming diseases based on the observable symptoms the animal exhibits.

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Sensitivity of a Diagnostic Test

The proportion of true positive cases correctly identified by a diagnostic test.

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Specificity of a Diagnostic Test

The proportion of true negative cases correctly identified by a diagnostic test.

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Bias in Research

Any systematic error in a study that can make the results inaccurate.

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Validity of a Diagnostic Method

A characteristic that determines how reliable a diagnostic method is in the long run.

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Primary Data

Data gathered directly by the researcher to answer specific study questions. Includes observations and interviews.

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Secondary Data

Data already collected by others for different purposes.

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Data Accuracy and Availability

Data is difficult to obtain due to factors like inaccurate records, lack of tracing information, or biased sources.

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Obstacles to Data Collection

Data collection can be hindered by factors like lack of cooperation, time and resource constraints, and confidentiality concerns.

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Data Sources in Veterinary Epidemiology

Government organizations, veterinary practitioners, abattoirs, serum banks, and pharmaceutical companies are among the primary sources of data.

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Sensitivity

Proportion of diseased animals correctly identified as positive by a test. Measures how many false negatives the test produces.

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Specificity

Proportion of healthy animals correctly identified as negative by a test. Measures how many false positives the test produces.

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Positive Predictive Value (PPV)

Probability that an animal truly has the disease given a positive test result.

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Negative Predictive Value (NPV)

Probability that an animal truly doesn't have the disease given a negative test result.

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False Negative Rate

The proportion of diseased animals that test negative. A high false negative rate means the test misses too many cases.

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False Positive Rate

The proportion of healthy animals that test positive. A high false positive rate means the test wrongly identifies too many animals as diseased.

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Parallel Testing

Two or more tests are conducted concurrently, and an animal is considered positive if any test result is positive.

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Serial Testing

Tests are done in sequence, with the results of one test determining if a subsequent test is needed. Only positive results in all tests are considered affected.

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What is an information system in veterinary context?

A collection of disease related data which is integrated to fulfill the informational requirements of its users.

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Passive data collection

Utilizes existing data sources, making use of readily available information.

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Active data collection

Gather data specifically to fulfill the requirements of a certain information system.

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What is the Office Internationale des Epizooties (OIE)?

International body that's responsible for controlling animal diseases globally.

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What is HIN in veterinary context?

A database that provides information about swine slaughter inspection to farmers, aiming to increase their production efficiency.

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What is a macroscale database?

A data collection approach that observes and records health and disease patterns at a larger scale, like a national or regional level.

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What is a mesoscale database?

A data collection approach focused on specific segments or groups, like a herd or a veterinary practice.

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What is a statistical or epidemiological table?

A specialized table designed to present large amounts of data in a concise and organized manner.

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Study Notes

Types of Epidemiological Investigations

  • Descriptive Epidemiology: Observes and records diseases and their possible causes
  • Analytic Epidemiology: Tests hypotheses about relationships between variables, using comparison groups
    • Observational or Experimental: Exposure manipulation determines study type
    • Prospective or Retrospective: Direction of inquiry (exposure before disease or vice versa)
    • Longitudinal or Cross-Sectional: Time points of factor and outcome assessment

Components of Epidemiology

  • Qualitative Investigations:

    • Natural History of Disease: Study of disease ecology, distribution, transmission, and maintenance using field observation
    • Causal Hypothesis Testing: Evaluate factors associated with disease through formulated hypotheses

  • Quantitative Investigations:

    • Surveys: Examine a population sample (aggregate of units) for assessing quantities or events; may include census to examine total population

      • Cross-Sectional Survey: Examines events at one point in time
      • Longitudinal Survey: Tracks events over a period of time

    • Screening: Uses rapid tests/examinations to identify undiagnosed cases

    • Monitoring and Surveillance:

      • Monitoring: Routine observations of health and environmental factors
      • Surveillance: Intensive data recording (infectious and non-infectious diseases)

Study Types

  • Descriptive Study: Describes disease distribution and frequency in a population (animal, place, time)
  • Experimental Study (Intervention Study): Investigators assign animals to groups based on factors (treatments, prevention methods) using random allocation
    • Examples: Field trials and clinical trials
  • Observational Study:
    • Cross-sectional Study: Examines relationships between disease and factors (HCF) within a population
    • Cohort Study: Compares groups exposed to factors with groups not exposed to see disease development
    • Case-Control Study: Compares diseased and healthy animals regarding exposure to hypothesized causal factors (HCF)

Analytical Epidemiology

  • Cohort Study: Groups exposed and not exposed to risk factors are observed to track disease development.
  • Case-Control Study: Diseased and non-diseased animals are compared regarding past exposure to hypothesized risk factors.

Modeling in Epidemiology

  • Disease dynamics and different control strategies can be represented using mathematical equations to optimize disease control and improve veterinary knowledge for better disease treatment, prevention, or eradication

Components of Epidemiology (continued)

  • Clinical Epidemiology: Uses epidemiological principles in individual animal care for diagnosis and prognosis
  • Computational Epidemiology: Applies computer science to epidemiological studies (models, expert systems)
  • Genetic Epidemiology: Studies cause, distribution, and control of disease in related individuals, and inherited defects in populations.
  • Molecular Epidemiology: Employs new diagnostic techniques for disease study
  • Chronic Disease Epidemiology: Focuses on long-term diseases (e.g. cancer, tuberculosis)
  • Environmental Epidemiology: Examines disease-environment relationships (pollution, occupational hazards).
  • Micro-Epidemiology: Investigates disease occurrence in small groups correlating with factors affecting larger populations, using animal models.
  • Macro-Epidemiology: Studies national disease patterns, influenced by social, economic, and political factors.
  • Nutritional Epidemiology: Examines relationships between nutrition and disease.
  • Subclinical Epidemiology: Study of presence of disease without clinical signs

Data and Variables

  • Variables: Qualities, characteristics, or constituents of individuals
  • Response Variable: Affected by other factors (explanatory variables)
  • Epidemiological Studies: Often investigate disease frequency and distribution in groups of animals
  • Data: Facts (numerical) collected for reference
    • Qualitative Data: Categorical data (e.g., breed, sex)
    • Quantitative Data: Numerical (e.g., prevalence, incidence)

Data Collection and Analysis

  • Data Sources: Medical records, employment registries, self-reports, observation, surveillance.
  • Study Design: Explicit, clear hypotheses & operational definitions of variables, well-defined population, selection of exposed and unexposed groups & follow-up.
  • Variables should be carefully defined to avoid bias. Exposure and outcome measures should be highly refined and accurate to avoid potential bias.

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Epidemiology Finals PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in diagnostic methods and epidemiology relevant to both human and veterinary medicine. Explore topics such as the visual analogue scale (VAS), sensitivity, specificity, and various levels of disease definition. Test your knowledge on the terminology and methodologies used in clinical assessments.

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