Veterinary Lymphoma and CLL Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which statement about multicentric lymphoma in dogs is correct?

  • It is primarily associated with renal failure.
  • It predominantly affects young dogs.
  • It is the most common form of lymphoma. (correct)
  • It rarely presents with enlarged lymph nodes.

    • What is the clinical significance of polyuria and polydipsia in cases of lymphoma?

  • They may reflect renal involvement or malaise. (correct)
  • They are signs of gastrointestinal lymphoma only.
  • They indicate dehydration from excessive vomiting.
  • They are unrelated symptoms commonly found in older dogs.

    • Which of the following tests is NOT typically included in the diagnostic evaluation of lymphoma?

  • Serum electrolytes measurement. (correct)
  • Liver function tests.
  • Physical examination of lymph nodes.
  • Bone marrow evaluation.

    • How is Stage II lymphoma characterized?

    <p>Multiple lymph nodes in a regional area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of dogs with lymphoma may experience ophthalmic problems?

    <p>33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anemia is commonly found in animals with lymphoma?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphocyte type is typically seen in circulation during lymphoma?

    <p>Immature lymphocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the staging of lymphoma, what does Stage IV indicate?

    <p>Involvement of liver or spleen, possibly with stage III.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to continue chemotherapy after apparent remission?

    <p>A microscopic tumor may still remain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best method for providing a definitive diagnosis in tumor evaluation?

    <p>Histopathology examination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common consequence of malnutrition in cancer patients?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia and anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ultrasound play in tumor assessment?

    <p>It is particularly useful for visualizing the abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be indicated if a patient does not eat for more than 5 days?

    <p>Need for enteral or parenteral feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for tumors becoming drug resistant?

    <p>The larger the tumor, the more likely resistance occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is crucial in surgical principles when dealing with tumors?

    <p>Wide margins should be pursued in resections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement highlights a consequence of effective pain management in cancer patients?

    <p>Reduction in mobility and depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common site for osteosarcoma (OSA) in dogs?

    <p>Radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed types are more likely to be predisposed to osteosarcoma?

    <p>Large and giant breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is osteosarcoma typically treated?

    <p>Chemotherapy and amputation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors indicate a poor prognosis for a patient with osteosarcoma?

    <p>Presence of pulmonary metastases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about chondrosarcomas is correct?

    <p>Approximately 5% to 10% of primary bone tumors are chondrosarcomas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment approach for fibrosarcomas and hemangiosarcomas in dogs?

    <p>Surgical resection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the prognosis of chondrosarcomas?

    <p>Long-term prognosis is often poor even with surgical resection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytology technique is NOT recommended for evaluating mammary tumors?

    <p>Aspirates from the tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cases experience remission with the mentioned chemotherapy regimen?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common treatment strategy after remission is lost?

    <p>Doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical signs are associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia in dogs?

    <p>Lethargy and bleeding gums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following clinical pathologies is commonly seen in dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of extramedullary plasmacytomas?

    <p>Oral or cutaneous forms are typically benign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual prognosis for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) compared to other conditions?

    <p>Better than that for some other hematological conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment option for solitary plasmacytoma?

    <p>Surgery or radiation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of soft tissue sarcomas?

    <p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common location for primary tumors in carcinomas?

    <p>Metaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical procedure is considered the treatment of choice for mammary gland tumors?

    <p>Simple mastectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dealing with multiple nonadjacent glands in mammary gland neoplasia, which procedure should be performed?

    <p>Complete unilateral mastectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor significantly reduces the risk of developing mammary gland tumors in dogs?

    <p>Being spayed before first estrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following carcinomas is known to metastasize to bone?

    <p>Transitional cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for cats with tumors larger than 3cm in diameter?

    <p>Poor prognosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy agent has been used in conjunction with surgery for treating metastases in dogs?

    <p>Doxorubicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome for papillomas in young dogs?

    <p>Regress spontaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cats with mediastinal lymphoma are FeLV positive?

    <p>About 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphoma is associated with a poor prognosis in dogs due to shorter remission and survival times?

    <p>T-cell lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In feline lymphoma, which anatomic site has the highest relative frequency?

    <p>Alimentary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with kidney involvement in lymphoma?

    <p>Elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the median survival time for dogs that achieve remission with chemotherapy?

    <p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely to indicate a worse prognosis in dogs with T-cell lymphoma?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feline leukemia virus (FeLV) status is most likely seen in younger cats with lymphoma?

    <p>FeLV-positive status is more likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment modality has shown to be effective for cutaneous lymphoma resistant to chemotherapy?

    <p>Surgery and radiotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group is most commonly associated with nasal lymphoma in cats?

    <p>Aged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of lymphoma is characterized by the absence of clinical signs of disease?

    <p>Substage a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adverse effect concern when treating cats with doxorubicin for lymphoma?

    <p>Renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of T-cell association in alimentary lymphoma in cats?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cats may enter remission with chemotherapy for lymphoma?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomic site of feline lymphoma has the lowest frequency of appearance?

    <p>Renal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with poorer prognosis in cats with lymphoma?

    <p>Younger age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphoma has the poorest prognosis among cats?

    <p>GI lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable clinical sign associated with metastatic lesions in dogs?

    <p>Bone pain and dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is commonly associated with an increased risk of mammary tumors?

    <p>Siamese cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering H1-antagonists before surgery?

    <p>To reduce inflammation caused by histamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is often combined with surgery when a tumor cannot be completely excised?

    <p>Radiation and chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the risk for mammary tumors change with age, specifically after 6 years?

    <p>It dramatically increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is NOT commonly used for chemotherapy in systemic mastocytosis?

    <p>Dexamethasone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is NOT listed as being at increased risk for plasma cell neoplasia?

    <p>Beagles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common incidental finding in the diagnosis of mammary tumors?

    <p>A mass noted by the owner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of inflammatory tumors in the mammary glands?

    <p>They may mimic symptoms of mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign observed in dogs with plasma cell neoplasia?

    <p>Epistaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plasma cell neoplasia, what type of anemia is commonly associated?

    <p>Normocytic, normochromic anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the biological behavior of plasma cell neoplasia is true?

    <p>It is usually invasive and infiltrative with poorly defined margins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical factor is believed to potentially influence the development of plasma cell neoplasia?

    <p>Chronic tissue inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein may be found in the urine of dogs with plasma cell neoplasia?

    <p>Bence Jones proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic feature is commonly observed in around 75% of dogs with plasma cell neoplasia?

    <p>Monoclonal gammopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic finding in approximately 30% of dogs with plasma cell neoplasia?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carcinoma is known to prefer metastasizing to bone?

    <p>Prostatic carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of spaying dogs before the first estrus on the risk of developing mammary gland tumors?

    <p>It reduces the risk significantly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surgical procedure is recommended when multiple, nonadjacent mammary glands are involved?

    <p>Complete unilateral mastectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of chemotherapy in conjunction with surgery for metastases in dogs?

    <p>Efficacy has not been established.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which type of tumor in cats is tumor size particularly import as a prognostic indicator?

    <p>Mammary gland tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common outcome for papillomas in young dogs?

    <p>They generally regress spontaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary location of metastasis in bone for carcinoma tumors?

    <p>Diaphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy agents have been used in the treatment of cancers in dogs and cats?

    <p>Cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is associated with a shorter remission time in dogs with lymphoma?

    <p>Type of lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary treatment approach for canines with cutaneous lymphoma?

    <p>Surgery and radiotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may indicate a poorer prognosis in cases of feline lymphoma?

    <p>FeLV positive status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected median survival time for dogs that achieve remission with chemotherapy?

    <p>1 year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates cutaneous lymphoma from other skin disorders in terms of treatment?

    <p>It is resistant to chemotherapy and may require surgery and radiotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemotherapy agent is specifically referenced as inappropriate for use in cats with renal disease?

    <p>Doxorubicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of cats with lymphoma might achieve remission and survive for an extended period with appropriate treatment?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the CHOP combination protocol is correct?

    <p>Patients are off all medication after a period of 19 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical sign is commonly associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)?

    <p>Abdominal pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the survival time when prednisone is used alone for treatment?

    <p>Approximately 2 months.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In diagnosing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), what is generally documented?

    <p>Abnormal lymphocytes in bone marrow or blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in patients with ALL regarding their blood counts?

    <p>Most have leukocytosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic helps to differentiate ALL from lymphoma?

    <p>ALL has a more acute progression and less likelihood of lymphadenopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of dogs achieves remission with doxorubicin used alone?

    <p>Approximately 70%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely to complicate the prognosis of leukemia patients?

    <p>Sepsis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor originates from the vascular endothelium?

    <p>Hemangiosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>It occurs secondary to ultraviolet light exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended treatment for a locally invasive tumor that is operable?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is notably predisposed to develop hemangiosarcoma?

    <p>Golden retriever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is typically advised if excision of an adenocarcinoma is incomplete?

    <p>Radiation therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mass is characterized as a cauliflower or wart-like structure that may bleed if traumatized?

    <p>Papilloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which location do squamous cell carcinomas typically occur in dogs?

    <p>On the ventral abdomen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor affecting the prognosis of tumors involving subcutaneous tissue?

    <p>Involvement of muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment used in dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

    <p>Prednisone and chlorambucil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical pathology finding is NOT typically associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in dogs?

    <p>Leukocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for dogs diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

    <p>Better than chronic myeloid leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma, how is GI extramedullary plasmacytoma characterized?

    <p>Behaves like a malignancy and may require aggressive treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a solitary plasmacytoma typically managed if significant systemic involvement is not present?

    <p>Excision through surgical removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies the progression from solitary plasmacytoma to multiple myeloma?

    <p>Development of systemic manifestations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the clinical presentation of dogs with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?

    <p>Nonspecific signs including lethargy and PU/PD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with a poor prognosis when treating chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in dogs?

    <p>Loss of remission with subsequent treatment challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate description of M.Histiocytoma in dogs?

    <p>A benign tumor that usually appears as solitary nodules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Keratoacanthoma is true?

    <p>They are generally benign but can become malignant in some breeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common treatment is utilized for Dermoid and epidermal inclusion cysts?

    <p>Surgical excision of the cyst.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of melanoma in dogs?

    <p>Can appear as brown to black pigmented nodules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the transmissible venereal tumor is accurate?

    <p>It is transmitted primarily through mating or close contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical clinical observation for a dog with hypercalcemia associated with M.Histiocytoma?

    <p>Increased thirst and urination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the typical appearance of a Keratoacanthoma lesion?

    <p>It resembles a small raised button-like structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tumor treatment, what is a common characteristic of surgical management decisions?

    <p>Surgical approaches can lead to complete resolution in benign cases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is specifically cited as being at increased risk for certain tumors?

    <p>Basset hound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common tumor type in young dogs?

    <p>Viral papillomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is appropriate for basal cell tumors in dogs?

    <p>Surgical excision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with ceruminous gland tumors?

    <p>Commonly found in the ear canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is typically evaluated in cytology for tumors?

    <p>Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of histiocytomas in dogs?

    <p>They are commonly found in young puppies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiographs should be taken if malignancy is suspected?

    <p>Thoracic radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed shows an increased risk of developing basal cell tumors?

    <p>Cocker spaniels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of giant cells in a tumor correlate with?

    <p>The grade of the tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor is most commonly associated with injection-site sarcomas in cats?

    <p>Fibrosarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary diagnostic method is typically used for identifying mast cell tumors?

    <p>Fine-needle aspirate of a mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of clinical sign might indicate the presence of visceral mast cell tumors?

    <p>Anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When evaluating for possible bone marrow involvement in a tumor, which diagnostic method is most appropriate?

    <p>Bone marrow aspirate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of malignant tumors mentioned?

    <p>They have poorly defined borders and grow fast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the diagnosis of sarcomas, which imaging technique may reveal signs like hepatomegaly or splenomegaly?

    <p>Abdominal radiographs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surgical excision of tumors should generally include what type of margins?

    <p>Wide margins to ensure complete removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of using radiation therapy before surgery for tumors?

    <p>It reduces the size of the tumor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about chemotherapy is true?

    <p>Some tumors may respond well to chemotherapy treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of small doses of radiation in treatment?

    <p>They allow for the repair of normal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the assessment of a tumor, why is it important to examine regional lymph nodes?

    <p>Their condition can indicate the overall health of the animal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of radiographs in the diagnosis of tumors?

    <p>To assess the presence of metastatic spread.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a requirement for successful radiation therapy?

    <p>Potentially affected tissues need to be irradiated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the impact of tumor size on radiation therapy effectiveness?

    <p>Radiosensitivity decreases with larger tumor sizes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of lipomas compared to liposarcomas?

    <p>Lipomas usually do not require surgical removal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consideration during the physical examination of an animal with suspected cancer?

    <p>A thorough evaluation of the animal's overall health is necessary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary developmental origin of fibrosarcoma?

    <p>Fibrocytes or fibroblasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the prevalence of vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas in cats?

    <p>Prevalence is 1-3:10,000 cats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes liposarcomas from lipomas in terms of their physical characteristics?

    <p>Liposarcomas are firm and poorly circumscribed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment options are applicable for liposarcomas?

    <p>Surgical removal with additional radiation if margins are incomplete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes lipomas?

    <p>They are usually solitary and well-defined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted association of fibrosarcomas in cats?

    <p>They are often associated with feline sarcoma virus or FeLV.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tumor type is most likely to metastasize to the lungs and liver?

    <p>Liposarcomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for continuing chemotherapy after apparent remission?

    <p>To eliminate any microscopic tumor that may remain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is essential in histology sample preparation for an accurate diagnosis?

    <p>Tissue samples should be fixed in 10% buffered formalin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common adverse effect of cancer cachexia in patients?

    <p>Anorexia due to tumor-related substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does malnutrition affect cancer patients post-therapy?

    <p>Delays wound healing and adversely impacts the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ultrasound in the management of tumors?

    <p>To visualize the abdomen effectively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a patient with cancer does not eat for more than 5 days?

    <p>Provide enteral or parenteral feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor contributing to drug resistance in tumors?

    <p>The size of the tumor, as larger tumors are more likely to become resistant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In surgical principles for tumor management, what is a key practice to prevent the spread of cancer cells?

    <p>Resect all neoplastic tissue with wide margins if possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lymphoma

    • Most common hematopoietic neoplasia in dogs and cats
    • Classified as multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, or extranodal
    • Most animals are middle-aged or older
    • Lymphoma in cats commonly involves lymph nodes in the cervical, axillary, popliteal, and inguinal regions.
    • Clinical signs include weight loss, decreased appetite, polyuria (PU) and polydipsia (PD), lethargy, enlarged liver and spleen
    • Diagnostic tools include physical examination, laboratory evaluation, and bone marrow evaluation.
    • Lymphoma treatment involves chemotherapy, with remission occurring in about 90% of cases.

    Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

    • Most dogs with CLL have lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly, pale mucous membranes, and fever.
    • Clinical signs are often non-specific, including lethargy, PU, PD, intermittent lameness, episodes of collapse, bleeding gums, and epistaxis.
    • Common clinical pathology findings include normocytic, normochromic, nonregenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia, with one-third of patients experiencing hyperproteinemia with monoclonal gammopathies.
    • Treatment is recommended only in symptomatic patients, and typically involves prednisone and chlorambucil.
    • Cats with CLL are FeLV negative.
    • The prognosis for CLL is better than that for lymphoma.

    Plasmacytoma

    • Rare, solitary plasmacytoma has a tendency to progress to multiple myeloma.
    • Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, or a combination of melphalan and prednisone in cases of systemic involvement.
    • Oral or cutaneous extramedullary plasmacytomas are usually benign.
    • GI extramedullary plasmacytoma behaves like a malignancy, with excision being the preferred treatment option if localized.

    Soft Tissue Sarcomas

    • Cause is unknown.
    • Osteosarcoma (OSA) is usually aggressive and often found in metastatic form.
    • Most common location of OSA is the diaphysis of long bones, with the radius being the most frequently affected site.
    • Large and giant breeds may be predisposed.
    • In cats, OSA is less aggressive, and the hindlimb is more commonly affected.
    • Treatment involves amputation and chemotherapy.

    Mammary Gland Neoplasia

    • Cause is unknown, but genetics or a virus may play a role.
    • Dogs spayed before the first estrus have a significantly reduced risk of mammary gland tumors.
    • Mammary tumors commonly metastasize to the lungs.
    • Diagnostic imaging should include evaluation of the iliac lymph nodes using radiographs or ultrasound.
    • Cytology can help differentiate a tumor from mastitis, and regional lymph nodes should be removed for histopathology.
    • Treatment involves surgery in most cases, with wide excision being essential.
    • Medical therapy has been used in conjunction with surgery for the treatment of metastases, although its efficacy has not been established.

    Papillomas

    • Benign epithelial tumor with a tendency to regress in young dogs.
    • Occur predominantly in the oral cavity and skin.
    • Some papillomas in older dogs can transform into squamous cell carcinoma.
    • Surgical removal is recommended if the papilloma does not regress spontaneously.

    Sebaceous gland tumors

    • Benign epithelial tumors.
    • Usually well-circumscribed.
    • Surgery is typically the treatment of choice.

    Lymphoma

    • Bone marrow aspirate may show neoplastic lymphocytes or bone marrow/blood involvement
    • Hypercalcemia is seen in about 20% of those with lymphoma
    • Increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine may be seen with kidney involvement
    • If there is liver involvement, liver enzymes may be increased
    • Most cats with mediastinal or multicentric lymphoma are FeLV positive

    TNM Classification

    • Substage A: Without clinical signs of disease
    • Substage B: With clinical signs of disease

    Feline Lymphoma by Anatomic Site

    • Alimentary: 50-70%, 10-14 year old, high T-cell association, low FeLV positive
    • Multicentric: 10-25%, age depends on FeLV status, T-cell association depends on FeLV status, approximately one third are FeLV positive
    • Mediastinal/thymic: 10-20%, young, high T-cell association, high FeLV positive
    • Nasal: approximately 10%, aged, low T-cell association, low FeLV positive
    • Renal: 5-10%, middle-aged, low to moderate T-cell association, low to moderate FeLV positive
    • Other: 5-25%, mixed, mixed, mixed

    Diagnostic Imaging

    • Neoplasias, granulomatous disease, hypereosinophilic syndrome
    • Differentials for mediastinal lymphoma include: thyroid tumors, heart base tumors, thymoma, and pulmonary granulomatosis
    • Differentials for cutaneous lymphoma include: pyoderma, immune-mediated disorders, parasitic skin disorders, and other cutaneous neoplasia

    Treatment

    • Requires chemotherapy
    • Without treatment, most only live 4-6 weeks after diagnosis
    • With chemotherapy, up to 90% of dogs and 70% of cats enter remission with a median survival of 1 year
    • Cures are uncommon
    • Cats have fewer adverse effects unless treated with doxorubicin
    • Do not give doxorubicin to cats with renal disease
    • Combination protocols tend to be more effective with longer survival times
    • Surgery combined with radiation and chemotherapy can be beneficial in CNS lymphoma
    • Cutaneous lymphoma is resistant to chemotherapy, surgery and radiotherapy may be beneficial

    Prognosis

    • Dogs: Stage V (or substage b) are associated with shorter remission and survival times
    • Dogs: T-cell lymphoma has a shorter remission and survival time
    • Dogs: Female dogs may have a longer survival time
    • Dogs: Hypercalcemia is associated with T-cell lymphoma and a worse prognosis
    • Dogs: GI lymphoma, disseminated cutaneous, or leukemic forms have a poorer prognosis
    • Cats: The higher the clinical stage, the poorer the prognosis
    • Cats: FeLV positive cats have a poorer prognosis
    • Cats: Genetics may play a role in some breeds (Boxers, German Shepherd Dogs, Great Danes, Saint Bernards, Golden Retrievers, Basset Hounds, Flat-coated Retrievers)

    Plasma Cell Neoplasia

    Multiple Myeloma

    • Occurs in older dogs; no sex predilection
    • Nonspecific clinical signs (anorexia, lethargy, PU, PD)
    • Most have lameness secondary to bone pain
    • Epistaxis and gingival bleeding due to hyperviscosity syndrome occurs in about 50% of cases
    • About 75% of dogs have a monoclonal gammopathy, usually immunoglobulin G or immunoglobulin A
    • Bence Jones proteins may be present in the urine (cannot be detected by urine dipstick)
    • May have a nonregenerative, normocytic, normochromic anemia
    • Thrombocytopenia occurs in about 30%; 10% have circulating abnormal plasmacytes
    • About 20% have hypercalcemia secondary to bone resorption

    Mast Cell Tumors

    • Most common cutaneous neoplasia in dogs
    • Surgical excision is the treatment of choice
    • Mast cells release histamine
    • Give an antihistamine before surgery
    • If the tumor cannot be completely excised, a combination of radiation therapy or chemotherapy can be attempted
    • Chemotherapy is recommended in systemic mastocytosis: vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, or lomustine in combination are used
    • Give histamine type 2 (H2)- antagonists (famotidine, ranitidine, cimetidine) to reduce gastric acid secretion. Give H-1 antagonists (diphenhydramine) to reduce inflammation associated with histamine
    • In cats, splenectomy may increase survival even if other organs are involved
    • Chemotherapy has not been well evaluated in cats

    Skeletal Neoplasias

    • Osteosarcoma (OSA): Approximately 85% of primary bone tumors in dogs are OSAs
    • Carcinomas are more likely to metastasize to bone
    • Metastasis to bone usually causes tumors in the diaphysis; primary tumors are usually in the metaphysic
    • Prostatic carcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas, and mammary cell carcinomas tend to metastasize to bone

    Mammary Gland Neoplasias

    • Unknown cause
    • Genetics or a virus may play a role
    • Dogs spayed before the first estrus have a greatly reduced risk
    • Risk increases after 6 years of age
    • Sporting breeds, poodles, Boston Terriers, and Dachshunds are at increased risk
    • In cats, most occur in intact females; Siamese have an increased risk
    • A mass is usually noted by the owner, or it may be an incidental finding
    • Most often occur in the caudal mammary glands
    • Inflammatory tumors have diffuse swelling, which may look like mastitis
    • Lymph nodes may be enlarged (superficial)
    • Most mammary gland tumors are malignant
    • In cats, inflammatory mammary carcinoma occurs in 25%-50% of cases
    • Inflammatory mammary carcinoma: highly malignant, rapidly fatal, rarely metastasizes to regional lymph nodes, may metastasize to internal organs, usually occurs in older cats.
    • Surgery is the treatment of choice
    • Wide excision is important
    • Lumpectomy can be performed if the tumor is very small and noninvasive
    • Simple mastectomy is relatively simple
    • Multiple glands may be removed if the tumor is extensive
    • When multiple, nonadjacent glands are involved, perform a complete unilateral mastectomy
    • Medical therapy has been used in conjunction with surgery to treat metastases

    Skin Neoplasias

    • Papilloma: Benign, usually occur in young dogs
    • Papilloma virus causes them
    • Usually regress spontaneously
    • May require surgical removal if they don't regress
    • Sebaceous gland tumors: epithelial
    • Squamous cell carcinoma: More common is older dogs, can transform from papillomas

    Lymphoma

    • Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system.
    • It can affect dogs and cats.
    • There are different types of lymphoma, including:
      • Alimentary Lymphoma: Affects the gastrointestinal tract.
      • Mediastinal Lymphoma: Affects the chest area.
      • Cutaneous Lymphoma: Affects the skin.
      • CNS Lymphoma: Affects the central nervous system.

    Lymphoma Signs

    • Signs of Lymphoma:
      • Enlarged lymph nodes
      • Weight loss
      • Fever
      • Lethargy
      • Difficulty breathing
      • Vomiting and diarrhea
      • Loss of appetite
      • Pale mucous membranes

    Lymphoma Diagnostics

    • Diagnosis of lymphoma can be made through:
      • Physical examination
      • Blood work
      • Fine-needle aspiration of lymph nodes
      • Biopsy

    Lymphoma Treatment

    • Treatment for lymphoma typically involves chemotherapy.
    • Chemotherapy can achieve remission in up to 90% of dogs and 70% of cats.
    • Common Lymphoma Protocols:
      • CHOP protocol (cyclophosphamide, hydroxydaunorubicin [doxorubicin], Oncovin [Vincristine], prednisone)
    • Other Treatments:
      • Surgery
      • Radiation therapy

    Lymphoma Prognosis

    • Prognosis depends on several factors, including:
      • Stage of the disease
      • Type of lymphoma
      • Patient's overall health
    • Prognosis for Lymphoma in Dogs:*
    • Stage V and substage b are associated with shorter remission and survival times.
    • T-cell lymphoma has a shorter remission and survival time.
    • Female dogs may have a longer survival time.
    • Hypercalcemia is associated with T-cell lymphoma and a worse prognosis.
    • GI lymphoma, disseminated cutaneous, or leukemic forms have a poorer prognosis.
    • Prognosis for Lymphoma in Cats:*
    • The higher the clinical stage, the poorer the prognosis.
    • FeLV positive cats have a poorer prognosis.
    • The presence of leukemia, anemia, neutropenia, and sepsis worsen the prognosis.
    • Cats that achieve remission early have a better prognosis.

    Lymphocytic Leukemia

    • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL):
      • Signs include fever, abdominal pain, anorexia, splenomegaly, and pale mucous membranes.
      • Most affected dogs are late middle-aged, while affected cats are younger.
      • Anemia occurs in most, and 25% are thrombocytopenic.
      • Diagnosis based on abnormal lymphocytes in bone marrow or blood.
      • Treatment involves CHOP-based protocols, but prognosis is poor.
    • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL):
      • Usually marked by lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly.
      • Most affected dogs are late middle-aged.
      • Clinical signs often nonspecific.
      • Diagnosis based on abnormal lymphocytes in bone marrow or blood.
      • Treatment is recommended only in symptomatic patients.
      • Prednisone and chlorambucil are commonly used treatments.
      • Prognosis for CLL is better than MCT or hemangiosarcoma.

    Plasmacytoma

    • Solitary Plasmacytoma:
      • Rare, tending to progress to multiple myeloma.
      • Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, or melphalan and prednisone if systemic involvement exists.
    • Extramedullary Plasmacytoma:
      • Usually benign when found in the oral cavity or skin.
      • GI extramedullary plasmacytoma behaves like a malignancy.
      • Excision is the treatment if the tumor is localized.

    Soft Tissue Sarcomas

    • Soft tissue sarcomas are malignant tumors of connective tissue.
    • Several types exist, each with unique characteristics and prognoses.

    Papilloma (Epithelial)

    • Originates from squamous epithelium.
    • Can be viral in origin.
    • Looks like a cauliflower or wart-like mass.
    • Common in dogs and rare in cats.
    • Usually found on the head, eyelids, feet, or mouth.
    • Contagious to other dogs through viral transmission.
    • Treatment typically involves surgical excision.

    Anal Sac/Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma (Epithelial)

    • Originates from the apocrine glands of the anal sac.
    • Can vary in size from small to large masses.
    • More common in older female dogs.
    • Often metastasizes to regional lymph nodes.
    • Treatment includes surgical excision and chemotherapy with carboplatin or mitoxantrone.

    Keratoacanthoma (Epithelial)

    • Develops from epithelium between hair follicles.
    • Found on the neck, dorsal thorax, legs, and ventral abdomen.
    • Often produces toothpaste-like material.
    • Generally benign, but can be multiple in some breeds.
    • Usually treated with surgical excision.

    Dermoid and Epidermal Inclusion Cyst (Epithelial)

    • Inclusion cysts result from an occluded hair follicle.
    • Dermoid cysts are a type of inclusion cyst.
    • Treatment typically involves surgical excision.

    Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Epithelial)

    • Originates from squamous epithelium.
    • Occurs secondary to ultraviolet light exposure.
    • More frequent in white cats, often found on ear tips and nose.
    • Treatment typically involves surgical excision, sometimes combined with radiation therapy or chemotherapy.

    Hemangiosarcoma (Mesenchymal)

    • Originates from the vascular endothelium.
    • Usually solitary masses found on limbs, flanks, or neck.
    • More common in German shepherd dogs and golden retrievers.
    • Tumors involving subcutaneous tissue or muscle have a poorer prognosis.
    • Treatment includes surgical excision, sometimes with doxorubicin.

    Histiocytoma (Round Cell)

    • Develops from monocyte or macrophage cells in the skin.
    • Benign growths usually found on the head, small, alopecic, and pink in appearance.
    • Typically occurs in young dogs (1 to 3 years old).
    • Often regresses spontaneously within 4 to 8 weeks.
    • Surgical removal is recommended if the growth does not regress.

    Melanoma (Round Cell)

    • Arises from melanocytes or melanoblasts.
    • Usually pigmented nodules, brown to black, found on the face, trunk, feet, mucocutaneous regions, and nail beds.
    • More common in dogs than cats.
    • Skin tumors are usually benign, while mucocutaneous tumors are often malignant.
    • Surgery is the primary treatment option.
    • Recurrence and metastases are common.

    Oncology Principles

    • The patient's age, sex, breed, and species are important factors in diagnosis.
    • The tumor's location, duration, and growth rate should be considered.
    • A complete physical examination should be done to assess overall health.
    • Regional lymph nodes and lungs should be assessed during a physical exam.
    • Common lab tests for cancer assessment should be performed.
    • These tests may include a complete blood cell count (CBC), serum biochemistry profile, and urinalysis.
    • Perform additional laboratory tests such as an FeLV test, bone marrow aspirate, or adrenal function tests as needed.
    • Radiographs of the thorax, abdomen, and skeleton are essential to evaluate for metastases.
    • Ultrasound can be especially useful for visualizing the abdomen.
    • Cytology can provide rapid and inexpensive diagnostic information.
    • Overinterpreting cytology preparations should be avoided.
    • Histopathology is often required for definitive diagnosis.
    • Larger biopsy samples provide more accurate diagnoses.
    • Fix tissue samples in 10% buffered formalin.

    Treatment

    • Surgery is most useful for localized tumors.
    • When possible, resect all neoplastic tissue with wide margins.
    • Minimize manipulation of the tumor to prevent surgical spread of cancer cells.
    • Radiation therapy is used for local or regional tumors.
    • Radiation therapy can be used before surgery to shrink tumors, concurrently with chemotherapy, or postoperatively.
    • Chemotherapy is most often used for regional or disseminated neoplasms.
    • Some tumors are quite chemosensitive, for example, lymphoid neoplasia.
    • Chemotherapy should continue after apparent remission to eliminate any microscopic residual tumor.
    • Tumors can develop drug resistance, which is more likely in larger tumors.
    • Patients should be reevaluated regularly after completion of therapy.
    • Anorexia and cachexia are common in cancer patients.
    • Anorexia can be related to side effects of treatment or tumor-produced anorexigenic substances.
    • Provide enteral or parenteral feeding if animals do not eat for more than 5 days or experience an acute loss of 10% or more of body weight.
    • Malnourished patients often have hypoalbuminemia, lymphopenia, and anemia.
    • Malnutrition compromises the immune system, slows wound healing and cell repair, and increases morbidity and mortality.

    Tumor Types

    • Mast cell tumors (MCTs) can be found in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, or viscera.
    • MCTs are the most common cutaneous tumor in dogs.
    • MCTs can be benign, but most are malignant.
    • The most common tumor located on the head and neck is MCTs.
    • MCTs are usually well-defined, raised, and may be hairless or contain ulcerations.
    • MCTs in the skin can be mistaken for lipomas.
    • Visceral MCTs can occur in the spleen, intestine, liver, and lymphatics.
    • Clinical signs of visceral MCTs include anorexia, vomiting, and diarrhea.
    • Diagnosis of MCTs includes a CBC, bone marrow aspirate, abdominal radiographs, and a fine-needle aspirate of the mass.
    • Treatment of MCTs involves surgical excision, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
    • Prognosis for MCTs varies depending on the grade and tumor location.
    • Treatment is typically more effective for grade I and II tumors than grade III tumors.
    • Basal cell tumors originate from the basal cells of the epidermis and adnexa.
    • Basal cell tumors are usually solitary, firm, well-demarcated, and pigmented.
    • The most common skin tumor in cats, basal cell tumors occur anywhere, including the head, neck, and shoulders in dogs.
    • A cytology evaluation will reveal basal cell tumors arranged in cords.
    • Surgical excision is the main treatment for basal cell tumors, but radiation or chemotherapy is often used for cancerous tumors.
    • Ceruminous gland tumors originate from the ceruminous epithelium of the ear canal.
    • Ceruminous gland tumors are typically brown, produce cerumen and are small, located near the tympanic membrane.
    • Ceruminous gland tumors commonly affect cats and can also be found on the external genitalia and face.
    • Ceruminous gland tumors are often multiple and may be friable with ulcerations and cauliflower-like masses.
    • Treatments for ceruminous gland tumors include surgery, vincristine chemotherapy, or radiation therapy.
    • Lipomas originate from adipocytes.
    • Lipomas are usually soft, well-circumscribed, and common in older, spayed female dogs.
    • Lipomas are rare in cats.
    • Liposarcomas are infiltrative, firm, poorly circumscribed, and can metastasize to the lungs and liver.
    • Liposarcomas are rare.
    • Treatment for lipomas includes surgical removal, although most cases are benign.
    • Treatment of liposarcomas requires surgical removal and additional radiation therapy depending on the surgical margins.
    • Fibrosarcomas originate from the fibrous connective tissue, from fibroblasts or fibrocytes.
    • Fibrosarcomas are commonly associated with feline sarcoma virus or FeLV, at sites of vaccination or sporadically.
    • Fibrosarcomas can be invasive and aggressive and can metastasize.
    • Treatment for fibrosarcomas includes surgery and often radiation therapy.

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    Oncology Principles PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essentials of lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in dogs and cats. It includes classifications, clinical signs, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for these hematopoietic neoplasias. Perfect for veterinary students and professionals seeking to enhance their knowledge.

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