Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic finding in blue-smoke Persian cats with lead toxicity?
What is a characteristic finding in blue-smoke Persian cats with lead toxicity?
Which disorder is described as causing abnormal lysosomal granule formation in granular leukocytes?
Which disorder is described as causing abnormal lysosomal granule formation in granular leukocytes?
In the context of myelophthisis, which of the following is a potential cause?
In the context of myelophthisis, which of the following is a potential cause?
Which feature is NOT typical of neutrophils in cases of lysosomal storage disease?
Which feature is NOT typical of neutrophils in cases of lysosomal storage disease?
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What immunological response results in the production of IgE and subsequent mast cell degranulation?
What immunological response results in the production of IgE and subsequent mast cell degranulation?
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Which clinical feature is associated with feline hypereosinophilic syndrome?
Which clinical feature is associated with feline hypereosinophilic syndrome?
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Which neoplasms are commonly associated with myelophthisis?
Which neoplasms are commonly associated with myelophthisis?
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What is a distinguishing feature of neutrophils in abnormal granulation syndrome seen in Birman cats?
What is a distinguishing feature of neutrophils in abnormal granulation syndrome seen in Birman cats?
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What clinical sign is commonly observed in cats that is indicative of possibly severe underlying health issues?
What clinical sign is commonly observed in cats that is indicative of possibly severe underlying health issues?
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Which condition is associated with granulocytopathy syndrome in Irish setters?
Which condition is associated with granulocytopathy syndrome in Irish setters?
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What is a common source of eosinopenia in patients?
What is a common source of eosinopenia in patients?
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What may cause transient lymphocytosis in animals?
What may cause transient lymphocytosis in animals?
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Which of the following could lead to a degenerative left shift in blood cell counts?
Which of the following could lead to a degenerative left shift in blood cell counts?
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What condition can result from a light response to neoplasia in the lymphatic system?
What condition can result from a light response to neoplasia in the lymphatic system?
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Which factor can be a common cause of basophilia?
Which factor can be a common cause of basophilia?
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In which condition do neutrophils exhibit adhesion defects leading to impaired bactericidal activity?
In which condition do neutrophils exhibit adhesion defects leading to impaired bactericidal activity?
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What is the prognosis for cats compared to dogs in myeloproliferative diseases?
What is the prognosis for cats compared to dogs in myeloproliferative diseases?
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What percentage of dogs typically achieve remission with treatment using melphalan and prednisone?
What percentage of dogs typically achieve remission with treatment using melphalan and prednisone?
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What laboratory findings are indicative of megakaryoblastic leukemia in dogs?
What laboratory findings are indicative of megakaryoblastic leukemia in dogs?
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How is polycythemia vera characterized in dogs?
How is polycythemia vera characterized in dogs?
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Which treatment options are commonly recommended for managing polycythemia vera?
Which treatment options are commonly recommended for managing polycythemia vera?
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What characteristics are associated with primary thrombocythemia?
What characteristics are associated with primary thrombocythemia?
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Which cell type is associated with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4)?
Which cell type is associated with acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4)?
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Which condition is characterized by intramedullary and extramedullary hematopoiesis?
Which condition is characterized by intramedullary and extramedullary hematopoiesis?
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What is a characteristic cytological finding in acute monocytic leukemia (M5)?
What is a characteristic cytological finding in acute monocytic leukemia (M5)?
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What finding would help differentiate chronic granulocytic leukemia from a leukemoid reaction?
What finding would help differentiate chronic granulocytic leukemia from a leukemoid reaction?
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Which cytochemical stain is most likely positive in acute monocytic leukemia (M5)?
Which cytochemical stain is most likely positive in acute monocytic leukemia (M5)?
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What condition may be observed in about 20% of dogs with monoclonal gammopathy?
What condition may be observed in about 20% of dogs with monoclonal gammopathy?
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What condition is commonly associated with erythroleukemia (M6) in cats?
What condition is commonly associated with erythroleukemia (M6) in cats?
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What hematological finding could indicate a nonregenerative anemia in dogs with acute myelomonocytic leukemia?
What hematological finding could indicate a nonregenerative anemia in dogs with acute myelomonocytic leukemia?
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Which of the following is NOT a differential for monoclonal gammopathy?
Which of the following is NOT a differential for monoclonal gammopathy?
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What is a potential cause of epistaxis or gingival bleeding in the context of leukemic disorders?
What is a potential cause of epistaxis or gingival bleeding in the context of leukemic disorders?
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What is a consequence of excessive heparin administration?
What is a consequence of excessive heparin administration?
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Which factors require Vitamin K for activation?
Which factors require Vitamin K for activation?
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What is the normal clotting time for dogs during a specific coagulation test?
What is the normal clotting time for dogs during a specific coagulation test?
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Which type of genetic transmission is associated with hemophilia?
Which type of genetic transmission is associated with hemophilia?
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What pathway does heparin primarily influence in coagulation?
What pathway does heparin primarily influence in coagulation?
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What is the role of fibrin degradation products in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
What is the role of fibrin degradation products in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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During a buccal mucosa bleeding time test, what is NOT typically required?
During a buccal mucosa bleeding time test, what is NOT typically required?
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What does the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) primarily assess?
What does the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) primarily assess?
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What is a possible cause of decreased platelet production in dogs?
What is a possible cause of decreased platelet production in dogs?
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Which parasites may be responsible for gastrointestinal infections in dogs?
Which parasites may be responsible for gastrointestinal infections in dogs?
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Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to lymphopenia?
Which of the following factors is least likely to contribute to lymphopenia?
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Which condition is typically associated with reactive thrombocytosis in dogs?
Which condition is typically associated with reactive thrombocytosis in dogs?
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What is a potential consequence of lymphatic injury such as in chylothorax?
What is a potential consequence of lymphatic injury such as in chylothorax?
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Which of the following drugs is known to cause neutropenia?
Which of the following drugs is known to cause neutropenia?
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What clinical sign is most commonly associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in dogs?
What clinical sign is most commonly associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in dogs?
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Which infectious agent is associated with both direct tissue destruction and lymphopenia?
Which infectious agent is associated with both direct tissue destruction and lymphopenia?
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Which factor is linked to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in dogs?
Which factor is linked to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in dogs?
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What is the primary effect of corticosteroid administration on white blood cell populations?
What is the primary effect of corticosteroid administration on white blood cell populations?
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What is a common complication observed after canine distemper virus vaccination?
What is a common complication observed after canine distemper virus vaccination?
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Which of the following is a typical finding in cases of spleen enlargement affecting platelet sequestration?
Which of the following is a typical finding in cases of spleen enlargement affecting platelet sequestration?
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Which condition is least likely to be directly influenced by drug administration as a cause of lymphopenia?
Which condition is least likely to be directly influenced by drug administration as a cause of lymphopenia?
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Which of the following breeds is associated with congenital lymphopenia?
Which of the following breeds is associated with congenital lymphopenia?
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What cytological test may be necessary for differentiating acute lymphoblastic leukemia from other leukemia forms?
What cytological test may be necessary for differentiating acute lymphoblastic leukemia from other leukemia forms?
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Which of the following conditions is closely related to decreased lymphocyte production due to lymphoid tissue destruction?
Which of the following conditions is closely related to decreased lymphocyte production due to lymphoid tissue destruction?
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What clinical signs are commonly associated with drug-induced cytopenia in cats?
What clinical signs are commonly associated with drug-induced cytopenia in cats?
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Which drug is known to cause dyserythropoiesis and macrocytosis in felines?
Which drug is known to cause dyserythropoiesis and macrocytosis in felines?
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What condition can lead to folate deficiency resulting in macrocytic nonregenerative anemia?
What condition can lead to folate deficiency resulting in macrocytic nonregenerative anemia?
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Which of the following changes is typically associated with acute myeloid leukemia in cats?
Which of the following changes is typically associated with acute myeloid leukemia in cats?
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What type of cell morphological changes may be seen in cases of drug-induced dysplastic changes?
What type of cell morphological changes may be seen in cases of drug-induced dysplastic changes?
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Which supportive treatment may benefit patients with hematological changes due to FeLV?
Which supportive treatment may benefit patients with hematological changes due to FeLV?
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What hematological abnormality is associated with malabsorption of vitamin B12 in giant schnauzers?
What hematological abnormality is associated with malabsorption of vitamin B12 in giant schnauzers?
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In what way can folate deficiency manifest in blood cell parameters?
In what way can folate deficiency manifest in blood cell parameters?
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What laboratory finding is commonly associated with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)?
What laboratory finding is commonly associated with disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)?
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Which virus is noted for causing normochromic, normocytic to macrocytic anemia in cats?
Which virus is noted for causing normochromic, normocytic to macrocytic anemia in cats?
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What is a potential underlying cause of nonregenerative anemia in cats?
What is a potential underlying cause of nonregenerative anemia in cats?
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In the context of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, which finding is NOT typically observed?
In the context of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, which finding is NOT typically observed?
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What imaging finding might be observed in peripheral blood due to a Babesia canis infection?
What imaging finding might be observed in peripheral blood due to a Babesia canis infection?
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Which condition is associated with significant red blood cell hypoplasia aside from feline leukemia virus?
Which condition is associated with significant red blood cell hypoplasia aside from feline leukemia virus?
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What hematological change is commonly associated with thrombocytopenia in DIC?
What hematological change is commonly associated with thrombocytopenia in DIC?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of anemia caused by feline leukemia virus (FeLV)?
Which of the following is a characteristic of anemia caused by feline leukemia virus (FeLV)?
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Which statement correctly describes the expression of hemophilia in males and females?
Which statement correctly describes the expression of hemophilia in males and females?
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Which factor deficiency is primarily responsible for Hemophilia A?
Which factor deficiency is primarily responsible for Hemophilia A?
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Which breed is noted to have the highest incidence of Hemophilia A?
Which breed is noted to have the highest incidence of Hemophilia A?
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In which animal is factor XII deficiency commonly seen, though it does not lead to bleeding?
In which animal is factor XII deficiency commonly seen, though it does not lead to bleeding?
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What is the primary indicator of von Willebrand disease (vWD) in dogs?
What is the primary indicator of von Willebrand disease (vWD) in dogs?
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Which coagulation factor deficiencies could lead to prolonged bleeding times?
Which coagulation factor deficiencies could lead to prolonged bleeding times?
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What is the role of the toenail bleeding time test in assessing coagulation?
What is the role of the toenail bleeding time test in assessing coagulation?
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Which deficiency could be manifested as bleeding issues in Labrador Retrievers, while combined deficiencies can be fatal?
Which deficiency could be manifested as bleeding issues in Labrador Retrievers, while combined deficiencies can be fatal?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with anemia and the presence of teardrop-shaped organisms in red blood cells?
Which of the following conditions is associated with anemia and the presence of teardrop-shaped organisms in red blood cells?
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What is the primary treatment for feline porphyria?
What is the primary treatment for feline porphyria?
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Hereditary stomatocytosis in Alaskan malamutes is transmitted in which manner?
Hereditary stomatocytosis in Alaskan malamutes is transmitted in which manner?
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What clinical sign is indicative of hemolytic crises associated with hemolytic anemia?
What clinical sign is indicative of hemolytic crises associated with hemolytic anemia?
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Which organism is associated with the observed signet ring-shaped forms in red blood cells?
Which organism is associated with the observed signet ring-shaped forms in red blood cells?
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What is a common source of eccentrocytosis in dogs?
What is a common source of eccentrocytosis in dogs?
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What laboratory test can be used for diagnosing feline porphyria?
What laboratory test can be used for diagnosing feline porphyria?
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Which of the following treatments is recommended for removing the source of oxidants in cases of eccentrocytosis?
Which of the following treatments is recommended for removing the source of oxidants in cases of eccentrocytosis?
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Which clinical sign is most typically associated with conditions causing thrombocytopenia?
Which clinical sign is most typically associated with conditions causing thrombocytopenia?
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Which of the following laboratory findings would most likely be present in a case of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
Which of the following laboratory findings would most likely be present in a case of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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What treatment is recommended when the packed cell volume (PCV) falls below 15%?
What treatment is recommended when the packed cell volume (PCV) falls below 15%?
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Which factor is critical in deciding whether to initiate prophylactic therapy with heparin or aspirin?
Which factor is critical in deciding whether to initiate prophylactic therapy with heparin or aspirin?
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Which condition is most likely indicated by the presence of spherocytosis in laboratory findings?
Which condition is most likely indicated by the presence of spherocytosis in laboratory findings?
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What laboratory test result is most likely to be positive in cases of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia?
What laboratory test result is most likely to be positive in cases of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia?
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Which of the following is a key sign of hypoxic damage associated with elevated liver enzymes?
Which of the following is a key sign of hypoxic damage associated with elevated liver enzymes?
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What is a significant consequence of high levels of bilirubin in the blood?
What is a significant consequence of high levels of bilirubin in the blood?
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What is the main function of the spleen in hematologic health?
What is the main function of the spleen in hematologic health?
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What is a typical clinical sign of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT)?
What is a typical clinical sign of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia (IMT)?
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In the diagnosis of IMT, what platelet level is indicative of severe thrombocytopenia?
In the diagnosis of IMT, what platelet level is indicative of severe thrombocytopenia?
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What is the prognosis for severe cases of splenic disorders?
What is the prognosis for severe cases of splenic disorders?
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What distinguishes the canine spleen from the feline spleen?
What distinguishes the canine spleen from the feline spleen?
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What can typically be seen in a chemistry profile for a dog with IMT?
What can typically be seen in a chemistry profile for a dog with IMT?
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Which lymphocyte type is primarily located in the germinal center of the spleen's white pulp?
Which lymphocyte type is primarily located in the germinal center of the spleen's white pulp?
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What condition is characterized as having unpredictable relapses that complicate prognosis?
What condition is characterized as having unpredictable relapses that complicate prognosis?
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What is a typical clinical sign of multiple myeloma in dogs?
What is a typical clinical sign of multiple myeloma in dogs?
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Which test is most helpful in assessing the intrinsic clotting system?
Which test is most helpful in assessing the intrinsic clotting system?
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Which of the following conditions might be mistaken for hypereosinophilia due to similar features?
Which of the following conditions might be mistaken for hypereosinophilia due to similar features?
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Basophilia in the blood may indicate which associated condition?
Basophilia in the blood may indicate which associated condition?
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What complication may arise if blood is sampled from the jugular vein?
What complication may arise if blood is sampled from the jugular vein?
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What is a defining cytochemical staining characteristic in basophilic leukemia?
What is a defining cytochemical staining characteristic in basophilic leukemia?
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What hematological anomaly is specifically associated with feline eosinophilic conditions?
What hematological anomaly is specifically associated with feline eosinophilic conditions?
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Which statement regarding eosinophils in conditions related to FeLV is accurate?
Which statement regarding eosinophils in conditions related to FeLV is accurate?
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What is the recommended action before transfusing blood products?
What is the recommended action before transfusing blood products?
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Which drug therapy is only effective when there is a specific deficiency?
Which drug therapy is only effective when there is a specific deficiency?
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What is the lasting treatment duration for long-acting anticoagulants like brodifacoum?
What is the lasting treatment duration for long-acting anticoagulants like brodifacoum?
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What combination of products is equivalent to fresh whole blood?
What combination of products is equivalent to fresh whole blood?
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What underlying disorder may impair clotting ability and requires specific therapy?
What underlying disorder may impair clotting ability and requires specific therapy?
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What is the risk associated with not adhering to proper transfusion protocols?
What is the risk associated with not adhering to proper transfusion protocols?
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Which blood type dogs are recommended as universal donors?
Which blood type dogs are recommended as universal donors?
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Which treatment should not be given prior to a blood transfusion?
Which treatment should not be given prior to a blood transfusion?
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What hematological finding is characteristic of megakaryoblastic (M7) leukemia in dogs?
What hematological finding is characteristic of megakaryoblastic (M7) leukemia in dogs?
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Which treatment is commonly indicated for managing polycythemia vera?
Which treatment is commonly indicated for managing polycythemia vera?
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Chronic granulocytic (neutrophilic) leukemia can be differentiated from leukemoid reactions by observing which finding?
Chronic granulocytic (neutrophilic) leukemia can be differentiated from leukemoid reactions by observing which finding?
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What is a significant indicator of primary thrombocythemia?
What is a significant indicator of primary thrombocythemia?
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In idiopathic myelofibrosis, which cell type typically infiltrates the spleen and liver?
In idiopathic myelofibrosis, which cell type typically infiltrates the spleen and liver?
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What clinical sign commonly associated with chronic myeloproliferative diseases can also complicate diagnosis?
What clinical sign commonly associated with chronic myeloproliferative diseases can also complicate diagnosis?
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Which of the following accurately describes the prognosis of lymphoproliferative disorders in dogs compared to cats?
Which of the following accurately describes the prognosis of lymphoproliferative disorders in dogs compared to cats?
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What is the expected blood value range associated with polycythemia vera?
What is the expected blood value range associated with polycythemia vera?
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What is the implication if vWF concentration is below the reference range in a dog?
What is the implication if vWF concentration is below the reference range in a dog?
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Which of the following coagulation tests indicates the function of the intrinsic pathway?
Which of the following coagulation tests indicates the function of the intrinsic pathway?
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What clinical sign is associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
What clinical sign is associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)?
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Which factor deficiency is commonly acquired and linked to liver dysfunction?
Which factor deficiency is commonly acquired and linked to liver dysfunction?
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What combination of findings is associated with DIC?
What combination of findings is associated with DIC?
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In what situation would vitamin K deficiency be expected?
In what situation would vitamin K deficiency be expected?
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Which statement is true regarding coagulation factors in relation to acquired deficiencies?
Which statement is true regarding coagulation factors in relation to acquired deficiencies?
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What is a critical change observed in blood tests during DIC?
What is a critical change observed in blood tests during DIC?
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Which clinical sign is a common indicator of thromocytopenia?
Which clinical sign is a common indicator of thromocytopenia?
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What laboratory finding is typically associated with conditions leading to severe bleeding?
What laboratory finding is typically associated with conditions leading to severe bleeding?
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How is the presence of spontaneous autoagglutination of RBCs typically indicated?
How is the presence of spontaneous autoagglutination of RBCs typically indicated?
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What is the primary treatment approach for patients with severe coagulation factor deficiencies?
What is the primary treatment approach for patients with severe coagulation factor deficiencies?
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Which of the following clinical signs is likely seen in cases of neoplasia such as lymphoma or hemangiosarcoma?
Which of the following clinical signs is likely seen in cases of neoplasia such as lymphoma or hemangiosarcoma?
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What is a critical component of diagnosing bleeding disorders in patients?
What is a critical component of diagnosing bleeding disorders in patients?
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What is an important condition to consider if bilirubin levels exceed 3 mg/dL in a patient?
What is an important condition to consider if bilirubin levels exceed 3 mg/dL in a patient?
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What is a common complication associated with thrombocytopenia indicating the need for urgent care?
What is a common complication associated with thrombocytopenia indicating the need for urgent care?
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Which coagulation test specifically detects issues within the extrinsic and common pathways?
Which coagulation test specifically detects issues within the extrinsic and common pathways?
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What condition is primarily associated with a complete lack of von Willebrand factor (vWF)?
What condition is primarily associated with a complete lack of von Willebrand factor (vWF)?
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Which subtype of von Willebrand disease (vWD) is associated with low vWF concentration but normal vWF structure?
Which subtype of von Willebrand disease (vWD) is associated with low vWF concentration but normal vWF structure?
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What is a common complication that exacerbates bleeding in dogs with von Willebrand disease (vWD)?
What is a common complication that exacerbates bleeding in dogs with von Willebrand disease (vWD)?
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Which coagulation test measures deficiency and dysfunction specifically related to fibrinogen?
Which coagulation test measures deficiency and dysfunction specifically related to fibrinogen?
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What is one aspect of treating patients at risk of transfusion reactions?
What is one aspect of treating patients at risk of transfusion reactions?
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In disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), what is primarily caused by the activation of the coagulation cascade?
In disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), what is primarily caused by the activation of the coagulation cascade?
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In canines, which of the following represents characteristics of universal donors?
In canines, which of the following represents characteristics of universal donors?
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Which breed is mentioned as having a higher incidence of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)?
Which breed is mentioned as having a higher incidence of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA)?
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What is the recommended duration of treatment with vitamin K1 for patients with warfarin toxicity?
What is the recommended duration of treatment with vitamin K1 for patients with warfarin toxicity?
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What factor is critical in the management of thrombotic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)?
What factor is critical in the management of thrombotic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)?
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Which substance should not be used prior to a transfusion of blood products?
Which substance should not be used prior to a transfusion of blood products?
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What type of therapy is beneficial specifically when there's a vitamin K deficiency due to rodenticide toxicity?
What type of therapy is beneficial specifically when there's a vitamin K deficiency due to rodenticide toxicity?
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Which of the following is a common underlying disorder that may impair clotting ability?
Which of the following is a common underlying disorder that may impair clotting ability?
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What should be used in feline blood transfusions to ensure compatibility?
What should be used in feline blood transfusions to ensure compatibility?
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What is a main consequence of administering excessive heparin?
What is a main consequence of administering excessive heparin?
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Study Notes
Lead Toxicity
- Can occur in blue-smoke Persian cats with yellow eyes
- Anemia, basophilic stippling, and nucleated red blood cells are often observed
Myelophthisis
- Abnormal cellular infiltrates crowd the bone marrow
- Suppresses hematopoiesis
- Caused by neoplasia from primary hemolymphatic tumors or metastatic tumors
- Myelofibrosis occurs when bone marrow is damaged by inflammation, necrosis, neoplasia, or other conditions
Lysosomal Storage Disease
- Inherited disorder caused by enzyme deficiency
- Neutrophils contain coarse, red-purple granules when stained, differentiating it from toxic neutrophils
- Urine test for glycosaminoglycans and cell enzyme activity tests can be used for diagnosis
Abnormal Granulation Syndrome in Birman Cats
- Pink-purple granules within neutrophil cytoplasm are observed, but no clinical signs are present
Neutrophilia
- Physiologic neutrophilia is often transient and more common in cats
- Corticosteroid administration also leads to neutrophilia
- Inflammation, both infectious and noninfectious, can cause neutrophilia
- Neoplasia such as metastatic fibrosarcoma or renal tubular carcinoma can cause neutrophilia
- Severe abscessation such as pyometra can cause neutrophilia
- Immune-mediated conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus can cause neutrophilia
- Granulocytopathy syndrome in Irish setters causes neutrophil dysfunction
Neutropenia
- Congenital cyclic neutropenia: inherited disorder of gray collies, cyclic decrease in neutrophils, platelets, and monocytes
- Infection causes a degenerative left shift with increased erythroid precursors
Eosinophilia
- Allergies, tumors, and feline hypereosinophilic syndrome can cause eosinophilia
Eosinopenia
- Exogenous or endogenous corticosteroids can cause eosinopenia
Basophilia
- Parasites such as heartworms or hookworms can cause basophilia
- Allergies cause IgE production with increased mast cells and basophils
- Hyperlipemia can result in basophilia
- Systemic mastocytosis can cause basophilia
Lymphocyte Disorders
- Lymphocytosis can be transient due to stress, infectious due to antigen stimulation, or neoplastic
- Leukemic cells have pale basophilic cytoplasm containing small, red granules
Leukemic Disorders
- Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves the stem cells for both granulocytes and monocytes
- Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) involves an increase in progranulocytes to metamyelocytes in blood and bone marrow
- Eosinophilic leukemia is rare
Multiple Myeloma
- Rare, plasma cell neoplasia
- Often associated with bone destruction, especially in the vertebrae, ribs, and pelvis
- Lameness, epistaxis, or gingival bleeding may occur due to bone pain or thrombocytopenia
- Most patients have monoclonal gammopathy
- Often associated with nonregenerative, normocytic, or normochromic anemia. Some also have thrombocytopenia
- Diagnosis is based on the presence of plasmacytosis, evidence of osteolytic bone lesions, and serum or urine myeloma proteins
Polycythemia Vera
- Rare disorder with increased hematocrit
- Blood is hyperviscous, and mucous membranes are dark red
- Treat with phlebotomy, hydroxyurea, or radiophosphorus
Primary Thrombocythemia
- Rare proliferation of platelets, characterized by splenomegaly and platelet function abnormalities
- Treat with melphalan, hydroxyurea, or radiophosphorus
- May transform to chronic myelogenous leukemia
Idiopathic Myelofibrosis
- Uncommon disorder involving intramedullary and extramedullary hematopoiesis with reactive or secondary marrow fibrosis
- Granulocytic and megakaryocytic cells infiltrate the spleen and liver
- Leukoerythroblastic reaction often observed
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
- DIC causes microangiopathic hemolytic anemia due to fibrin deposition in small blood vessels.
- Thrombocytopenia, decreased clotting factors, and increased fibrin degradation products are associated with DIC.
- DIC can be caused by infection, neoplasia, heartworm disease, pancreatitis, and shock.
Hypophosphatemia
- Hypophosphatemia can cause hemolysis in cats with diabetes mellitus and hepatic lipidosis.
Nonregenerative Anemia
-
Infectious agents:
- Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) causes a normochromic, normocytic to macrocytic anemia.
- Severe red blood cell hypoplasia is common with FeLV.
- Other viruses like feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline panleukopenia virus, canine parvovirus, and E. canis can also cause nonregenerative anemia.
-
Corticosteroids:
- Exogenous or endogenous corticosteroids can decrease lymphocytes.
- Lymphopenia usually resolves within a few days of discontinuing corticosteroids.
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Infectious agents:
- Infectious agents like FeLV, FIV, parvovirus, and distemper virus may cause lymphoid tissue destruction.
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Lymphatic injury:
- Conditions like chylothorax, lymphangiectasia, or protein-losing enteropathy can cause loss of lymph fluid and lymphopenia.
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Congenital lymphopenia:
- Congenital lymphopenia occurs in basset hounds and is associated with severe bacterial infections.
Mastocytosis
- Mastocytosis occurs secondary to mast cell tumors.
- Bone marrow is rarely invaded by mast cells.
Thrombocytopenia
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Immune-mediated injury:
- Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia can result from the destruction of platelets by antibodies.
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Increased platelet consumption or utilization:
- Infectious agents like Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma platys, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum can cause increased platelet consumption.
- Canine distemper virus vaccination can cause transient thrombocytopenia around a week after vaccination, sometimes lasting for weeks.
- Hemorrhage, DIC, and splenic sequestration can also contribute to thrombocytopenia.
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Decreased platelet production:
- Congenital thrombocytopenia can be associated with cyclic hematopoiesis in Collie dogs.
- Infectious diseases like distemper virus, parvovirus, FeLV, and E. canis can also decrease platelet production.
- Drugs like cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, doxorubicin, and hydroxyurea can suppress platelet production.
Thrombocytosis
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Physiologic thrombocytosis:
- Heavy exercise or epinephrine release can cause physiologic thrombocytosis.
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Reactive thrombocytosis:
- Acute blood loss, iron deficiency anemia, trauma, surgery, inflammation, splenectomy, and hyperadrenocorticism can trigger reactive thrombocytosis.
Drug-induced Thrombocytopenia
- Drugs like chloramphenicol, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine can cause dyserythropoiesis with macrocytosis, nuclear fragmentation, sideroblastosis, megaloblastoid changes, and siderocytosis.
- These changes are not associated with folate deficiency, and normal morphology usually returns after stopping drug therapy.
Nutritional Thrombocytopenia
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Vitamin B12 malabsorption:
- Malabsorption of vitamin B12 in giant schnauzers can cause erythroid dysplastic changes with neutrophilic hypersegmentation.
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Folate deficiency:
- Neoplasia, intestinal malabsorption, and liver disease can lead to folate deficiency, resulting in a macrocytic nonregenerative anemia.
- Anticonvulsants, some antibiotics, and antineoplastic agents can inhibit folate metabolism causing megaloblastic changes.
Coagulation Disorders
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Hemophilia A:
- Caused by a defect in the factor VIII gene.
- More common than hemophilia B.
- German Shepherd dogs (especially from European stock) have a high prevalence of Hemophilia A.
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Hemophilia B:
- Caused by a defect in the factor IX gene.
- Females are asymptomatic carriers.
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Deficiencies of other factors:
- Deficiencies in factors XI, X, VII, II, and fibrinogen can occur.
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Factor XII deficiency:
- This is common in cats but doesn’t cause bleeding.
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Combined deficiency of factors II, VII, IX, and X:
- Reported in Devon Rex cats and Labrador Retrievers.
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von Willebrand disease (vWD):
- The most common hereditary bleeding disorder in dogs.
- Affects both males and females.
- Breeds with high vWD prevalence include Doberman Pinschers, German Shepherd Dogs, and Scottish Terriers.
Leukemic Disorders
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Lymphoid leukemia:
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Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL):
- Abnormal proliferation of immature lymphoblasts in bone marrow or blood.
- Rapidly progressive with poor response to therapy.
- Clinical signs include fever, abdominal pain, anorexia, splenomegaly, and pale mucous membranes.
- Most cases have leukocytosis with abnormal lymphocytes.
- About 10% have aleukemic leukemia (bone marrow involvement without peripheral blood involvement).
- Cytochemical stains may be necessary to differentiate from other leukemias.
- Associated with FeLV in cats. -Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL):
- Characterized by an accumulation of mature lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes.
- Usually occurs in older animals.
- Can be asymptomatic or cause signs like weight loss, lethargy, and enlarged lymph nodes.
- Prognosis is variable, depending on the stage and type of CLL.
-
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL):
-
Myeloid leukemia:
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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML):
- Classified as M1 to M7 depending on which blast cells predominate in the bone marrow.
- Acute myeloblastic leukemia (M1, M2) is relatively common, often associated with FeLV in cats.
- Severe nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis are common.
- Treatment includes chemotherapy and supportive care.
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Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML):
- Characterized by an overproduction of mature myeloid cells, including neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils.
- Usually affects older animals.
- Can be asymptomatic or cause signs like weight loss, lethargy, and splenomegaly.
- Treatment options include chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and supportive care.
-
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML):
Bleeding Time Tests
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Buccal Mucosa Bleeding Time (BMBT):
- Performed on the inside of the upper lip.
- Normal dogs and cats stop bleeding from the incision within 2 to 4 minutes.
- Prolonged in those with inherited and acquired platelet dysfunction, von Willebrand disease, and DIC.
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Toenail Bleeding Time Test:
- Performed only if the animal is sedated or anesthetized.
- The nail is cut at the cuticle, and blood is allowed to flow freely.
- Normal dogs stop bleeding within 5 to 6 minutes.
- Prolonged in significant coagulation factor deficiencies, vWD, platelet dysfunction, and DIC.
Hematology
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Hereditary Stomatocytosis is a disorder characterized by mild anemia with slight reticulocytosis, an autosomal recessive trait commonly found in Alaskan Malamutes, and associated with chondrodysplasia.
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Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease that affects erythrocytes with clinical signs ranging from acute hemolytic crises to subclinical signs, and is associated with anemia.
- Blood smear findings show large teardrop-shaped organisms, and smaller signet ring-shaped forms, suggestive of B.gibsoni.
- Treatment includes imidocarb dipropionate.
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Eccentrocytosis is a condition where red blood cells take on a dumbbell appearance with a distinctive central paleness, potentially due to onion and garlic ingestion in dogs.
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Eosinophilic Leukemia is indicated by an elevated eosinophil count, with immature forms, possibly resembling hypereosinophilic conditions such as allergies or parasites.
- Eosinophils may infiltrate organs like lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.
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Basophilic Leukemia is rare, predominantly affecting dogs with mature and immature basophilia observed in blood or bone marrow, often correlated with thrombocytosis and anemia.
- Must differentiate from mast cell leukemia.
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Multiple Myeloma is defined as a plasma cell neoplasm, commonly seen in older dogs with clinical signs like anorexia, lethargy, polyuria, polydipsia.
Coagulation Disorders
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Activated Clotting Time is a test to evaluate the intrinsic clotting system, collected in a vacuum tube with siliceous earth.
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a life-threatening condition caused by overactivation of the coagulation system, leading to widespread microthrombi formation.
- Clinical Signs: bleeding, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and tachypnea.
- Treatment: IV fluids, blood transfusion, heparin, prednisone, azathioprine, human immunoglobulin, and cyclosporine.
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Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia (IMT) is a suspected cause of thrombocytopenia with bleeding, most often in healthy appearing animals.
- Clinical Signs: epistaxis, oral cavity bleeding, petechiae, ecchymoses, hematuria, melena, pale gums, splenomegaly, fever, and retinal hemorrhage.
- Diagnosis: severe thrombocytopenia (<25,000/L).
Splenic Disorders
- Splenic Disorders can be influenced by the spleen's primary function, which includes filtration of peripheral blood, removal of aging red blood cells, and removal of inclusions, including Howell-Jolly bodies, Heinz bodies, and hemoparasites.
- Spleen is the largest lymphoid organ with important immunological functions.
Chronic Myeloproliferative Diseases
- Chronic Granulocytic (Neutrophilic) Leukemia: Increased numbers of progranulocytes to metamyelocytes in blood and bone marrow.
- Eosinophilic Leukemia: Rare, and involves measurements of vWF concentration and PK.
- Megakaryoblastic (M7): Rare, may be associated with radiation in dogs.
Coagulation
- Coagulation Factor Deficiencies: Acquired deficiencies are common, and occur due to decreased liver function.
-
Three Subtypes of vWD:
- Type 1: Mild to moderate, with low vWF concentration but normal vWF structure.
- Type 2: Severe bleeding, with low vWF concentration and abnormal vWF structure.
- Type 3: Severe bleeding, due to complete lack of vWF.
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC): Caused by activation of the coagulation cascade, resulting in thrombi, decreased blood supply, and fibrinolytic pathways activation.
- DIC is associated with: severe inflammation, sepsis, neoplasia, burn wounds, pancreatitis, and intravascular hemolysis.
- Clinical Signs of DIC: Spontaneous hemorrhage, excessive bleeding after surgery or trauma.
- Diagnosis of DIC: Through a combination of clinical signs, history, radiography, and lab findings.
- Treatment for DIC: Transfusion therapy, supportive care for hemorrhage prevention, vitamin K therapy for vitamin K deficiency.
Immune Disorders
- Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA): Cause is unknown, and breeds like cocker spaniels, poodles, and old English sheepdogs have a higher incidence.
- Clinical Signs of IMHA: Weakness, collapse, pale gums, discolored urine, fever, hepatosplenomegaly, tachycardia, and tachypnea.
- Lab findings for IMHA: Anemia, reticulocytosis, spherocytosis, leukocytosis with left shift.
- Complications of IMHA: DIC and thromboembolism.
- Treatment of IMHA: IV fluids, blood transfusion (PCV below 15%), prophylactic heparin or aspirin, prednisone, azathioprine, human immunoglobulin, and cyclosporine.
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Test your knowledge on various hematological conditions affecting cats, including lead toxicity, myelophthisis, and lysosomal storage diseases. This quiz also covers specific syndromes like abnormal granulation syndrome and neutrophilia. Understand the implications and diagnosis related to these conditions.
