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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of antitussives in respiratory treatment?
What is the primary function of antitussives in respiratory treatment?
How do mucolytics contribute to respiratory health?
How do mucolytics contribute to respiratory health?
What effect does bronchoconstriction have on respiratory resistance?
What effect does bronchoconstriction have on respiratory resistance?
What role do expectorants play in managing respiratory conditions?
What role do expectorants play in managing respiratory conditions?
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What is one common use of low-dose centrally acting opiates like butorphanol?
What is one common use of low-dose centrally acting opiates like butorphanol?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of trimethoprim?
What is the primary mechanism of action of trimethoprim?
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Which statement best describes the role of epinephrine in advanced life support?
Which statement best describes the role of epinephrine in advanced life support?
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What is the recommended dosage of low-dose epinephrine for routine use?
What is the recommended dosage of low-dose epinephrine for routine use?
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Which of the following enhances the activity of trimethoprim?
Which of the following enhances the activity of trimethoprim?
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How does α1-adrenergic stimulation affect the body?
How does α1-adrenergic stimulation affect the body?
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Which of the following best describes the role of vasopressor therapy?
Which of the following best describes the role of vasopressor therapy?
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What is the effect of β1-adrenergic stimulation?
What is the effect of β1-adrenergic stimulation?
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Epinephrine is considered a non-selective adrenergic agonist because it affects which receptors?
Epinephrine is considered a non-selective adrenergic agonist because it affects which receptors?
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What type of drugs are used to decrease the frequency of coughing?
What type of drugs are used to decrease the frequency of coughing?
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Which class of drugs works by increasing the secretion of fluid in respiratory mucus glands?
Which class of drugs works by increasing the secretion of fluid in respiratory mucus glands?
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Which of the following is a β2-adrenoceptor agonist used as a bronchodilator?
Which of the following is a β2-adrenoceptor agonist used as a bronchodilator?
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What is the primary action of glucocorticosteroids in respiratory treatment?
What is the primary action of glucocorticosteroids in respiratory treatment?
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Which antibiotic group is indicated for their bactericidal effect by inhibiting bacterial wall synthesis?
Which antibiotic group is indicated for their bactericidal effect by inhibiting bacterial wall synthesis?
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What is the role of mast cell stabilizers in treating respiratory diseases?
What is the role of mast cell stabilizers in treating respiratory diseases?
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Which of the following describes the action of tetracyclines like doxycycline?
Which of the following describes the action of tetracyclines like doxycycline?
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What is the main advantage of using amoxicillin-clavulanate?
What is the main advantage of using amoxicillin-clavulanate?
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What is one of the main functional problems associated with respiratory diseases?
What is one of the main functional problems associated with respiratory diseases?
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Which type of drug is primarily used to relieve cough?
Which type of drug is primarily used to relieve cough?
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Which drug is a common example of a mucolytic agent?
Which drug is a common example of a mucolytic agent?
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What is one use of glucocorticoids in respiratory therapy?
What is one use of glucocorticoids in respiratory therapy?
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Which of the following is classified as an anticholinergic bronchodilator?
Which of the following is classified as an anticholinergic bronchodilator?
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What condition might require the use of β2-adrenoceptor agonists?
What condition might require the use of β2-adrenoceptor agonists?
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Which drug class includes agents that can stabilize mast cells?
Which drug class includes agents that can stabilize mast cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a common therapeutic agent for treating respiratory diseases?
Which of the following is NOT a common therapeutic agent for treating respiratory diseases?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in managing respiratory diseases?
What is the primary mechanism of action of glucocorticoids in managing respiratory diseases?
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Which glucocorticoid is recommended for maintaining patients with chronic respiratory issues?
Which glucocorticoid is recommended for maintaining patients with chronic respiratory issues?
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Which of the following β-lactam antibiotics is known for broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following β-lactam antibiotics is known for broad-spectrum activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
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What role does clavulanate potassium play in the effectiveness of amoxicillin?
What role does clavulanate potassium play in the effectiveness of amoxicillin?
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What is the classification of tetracyclines in terms of their action against bacteria?
What is the classification of tetracyclines in terms of their action against bacteria?
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Which glucocorticoid is specifically mentioned as useful for cats with asthma?
Which glucocorticoid is specifically mentioned as useful for cats with asthma?
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What is the effect of β-lactam antibiotics on bacterial cell walls?
What is the effect of β-lactam antibiotics on bacterial cell walls?
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What type of effect do glucocorticoids have on airway inflammation?
What type of effect do glucocorticoids have on airway inflammation?
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What is the primary action of muscarinic receptor activation in the airway?
What is the primary action of muscarinic receptor activation in the airway?
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Which of the following drugs is specifically noted for having bronchodilator effects but is not routinely used for this purpose?
Which of the following drugs is specifically noted for having bronchodilator effects but is not routinely used for this purpose?
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What effect do β2-adrenergic agonists have on bronchial smooth muscle?
What effect do β2-adrenergic agonists have on bronchial smooth muscle?
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Which of the following is a common treatment for bronchospasm in cats and dogs?
Which of the following is a common treatment for bronchospasm in cats and dogs?
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Inhaled medications are less likely to cause changes in which physiological parameter?
Inhaled medications are less likely to cause changes in which physiological parameter?
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What is the mechanism by which clenbuterol provides bronchodilation?
What is the mechanism by which clenbuterol provides bronchodilation?
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Which of the following is NOT a feature of ipratropium?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of ipratropium?
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Which drug is known as 'albuterol' in the USA and primarily stimulates β2-adrenergic receptors?
Which drug is known as 'albuterol' in the USA and primarily stimulates β2-adrenergic receptors?
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What is the consequence of blocking muscarinic receptors in the airway?
What is the consequence of blocking muscarinic receptors in the airway?
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Which agent is primarily used to diminish the risk of vagal inhibition during anesthesia?
Which agent is primarily used to diminish the risk of vagal inhibition during anesthesia?
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Study Notes
Coughing Dog - Differential Diagnoses
- Possible causes for a coughing dog include foreign bodies, allergies, tracheal/bronchial collapse, left atrial enlargement, congestive heart failure, bronchitis, bronchopneumonia/fungal pneumonia, lungworm/heartworm, or lung/airway neoplasia.
Acute Infectious Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough)
- A common upper respiratory tract (URT) disease caused by various infectious agents (bacterial or viral).
- Symptoms include a hacking cough, possible retching at the end of a cough, a recent history of exposure to other dogs, normal or slightly harsh upper airway sounds, and cough that can be induced by tracheal pinching.
- Often self-resolves within 2-3 weeks but can be more severe in young, geriatric, immunocompromised animals, or those with pre-existing respiratory issues.
Treatment of Kennel Cough
- Restrict exercise to minimize cough triggered by increased tidal volumes.
- Avoid exposure to airborne pollutants or irritants; use harnesses or halters instead of collars.
- Provide sloppy food, avoiding dry biscuits, and avoid sudden changes in temperature, like moving from warm to cold air.
- Potential treatment options include antibiotics, antitussives, or anti-inflammatories.
Vaccination for Kennel Cough
- Vaccination using a canine parainfluenza and Bordetella vaccine contains a live strain.
- Vaccinated dogs may still show mild clinical signs.
- Vaccinated animals can spread the vaccine strains for several weeks post-vaccination.
- Administered intranasally.
Therapeutics of the Airway
- Covers various pulmonary medications and treatment protocols.
- Details are not provided in the initial pages.
Learning Outcomes
- To understand the principle functional problems caused by respiratory diseases.
- To identify drugs used to maintain a clear airway and differentiate between different types.
- To identify peripherally active drugs for respiratory disease treatment.
- To demonstrate examples of drug use for common respiratory diseases in dogs, cats, and horses
- To name some link modules (VMS1005, VMS1006, and VMS2004 are mentioned).
Functional Problems from Respiratory Diseases
- Cough
- Mucus production
- Sneezing
- Ulceration
- Inflammation
- Tracheal/pharyngeal obstruction
- Bronchoconstriction
- Dyspnea
- Trauma
Therapeutics (Drugs)
- Antitussives: Demulcents, centrally acting opiates (e.g., butorphanol, codeine).
- Decongestants/Mucolytics: Bromhexine.
- Bronchodilators: Anticholinergics (e.g., atropine, ipratropium), beta-2 adrenergic agonists (e.g., clenbuterol, salbutamol), methylxanthines (e.g., theophylline).
- Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisolone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone, fluticasone), mast cell stabilizers (e.g., sodium cromoglycate).
- Antibiotics: Beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillin, amoxicillin), tetracyclines (e.g., oxytetracycline, doxycycline), trimethoprim.
- Antifungals: itraconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole.
Bronchodilators
- Muscarinic antagonists: (block ACh receptors, e.g. ipratropium, atropine)
- Beta-2 agonists: (mimic adrenaline) (e.g. clenbuterol, salbutamol)
- Methylxanthines: (e.g. theophylline)
Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists
- Salbutamol and terbutaline: Stimulation of beta-2 receptors causes relaxation of smooth muscle, leading to bronchodilation.
- Clenbuterol; is particularly useful in horses with respiratory disease due to bronchospasm.
Methylxanthines - Theophylline
- Structure similar to caffeine and theobromine.
- Relaxes smooth muscle and relieves bronchospasm.
- Stimulates respiration.
- Affects intracellular calcium, catecholamine, and prostaglandin/adenosine processes.
- Improves strength of myocardial contraction, induces diuresis, and is a CNS stimulant.
Drugs to Reduce Airway Inflammation
- Main drugs are glucocorticoids, which prevent the production of mediators involved in airway inflammation.
Mast Cell Stabilizers
- Sodium cromoglycate: Precise mode of action not fully understood, but thought to prevent mast cell degranulation of histamine. Helpful in prophylactic situations but not used for acute issues due to short-term effect and lack of intrinsic dilation. Useful in horses with allergic respiratory diseases.
Glucocorticoids
- Main anti-inflammatory action. They affect the transcription of genes producing mediators of inflammation. Can be inhaled (more targeted, beclomethasone, fluticasone) or oral (e.g. prednisolone, dexamethasone). Useful for maintaining control and managing exacerbations.
Key points
- Respiratory problems are common and include cough, mucus, sneezing, ulceration, inflammation, and obstruction.
- Different types of drugs are used to treat different symptoms and underlying causes. Drug treatments should be aligned with the specific problems found and not used in a general way.
- Further reading is recommended for detailed information.
Homework
- Review multiple effects of glucocorticoids on respiratory issues.
- Review other therapeutic areas (MSK, Skin, Haematopoietic, Endocrine) where glucocorticoids are used. A quiz on this topic will take place in a future semester..
Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
- Inhibit bacterial wall synthesis, causing a bactericidal effect.
- Examples are penicillin, amoxicillin, and cephalosporins.
- Clavulanate potassium protects amoxicillin from breakdown by bacterial enzymes.
Tetracyclines
- Inhibit protein synthesis, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect.
- Examples are oxytetracycline and doxycycline.
Trimethoprim
- A folate antagonist, leading to a bacteriostatic effect.
- Often combined with sulphonamides (TMP/SMX) to enhance effects.
Antifungals
- Azole class (e.g., itraconazole, voriconazole, fluconazole).
- Inhibit fungal cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, affecting ergosterol synthesis and membrane function in fungal cells.
CPR Information
- There is specific CPR training for dogs and cats (e.g., RECOVER Guidelines), which differs from human CPR.
Advanced Life Support for Dogs
- Vasopressor therapy (like epinephrine) to raise systemic blood pressure, boosting coronary and cerebral flow.
- Epinephrine is a non-selective adrenergic agonist impacting both alpha and beta receptors. Alpha activation is peripheral vasoconstriction and beta activation is positive inotropic and chronotropic effects.
- Low dose epinephrine is a standard part of canine BLS protocols.
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Description
This quiz explores the differential diagnoses for coughing in dogs, focusing on conditions like kennel cough and other respiratory diseases. Learn about potential causes, symptoms, and treatments. Ideal for veterinary students or animal health enthusiasts.
