Veterinary Genetics and Genetic Engineering

The study of gene and genotypic frequencies in a population.

Histone proteins help package DNA into tightly coiled structures, forming chromosomes.

Histone proteins and non-histone proteins.

<p>The study of chromosome number and structure changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Radiation genetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scaffold proteins bring other proteins together to interact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enzymes are used in DNA repair, replication, and translation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To detect the number, size, and chromosomal abnormalities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide detection of structural abnormalities with great accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whole-length bands include Q, G, and R bands, while specific part bands comprise C, T, and NOR bands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It produces a temporary pattern and requires a fluorescent microscope.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G-banding avoids the disadvantages of Q-banding and provides a permanent banding pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The centromere appears as light bands, making defects difficult to examine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both produce dark bands in A-T rich regions and light bands in C-G rich regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin contains structural genes that replicate and transcribe, being the most active portion of the genome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reverses the banding pattern observed in G-banding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The G1 phase is crucial for cell growth, metabolic activity, organelle duplication, and preparation for DNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary function of the cell cycle is to accurately duplicate DNA and segregate copies into two genetically identical daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>CDKs regulate the cell cycle by activating or deactivating specific proteins involved in cell cycle progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The unfolded structure of chromatin allows regulatory proteins and RNA polymerase to bind, initiating transcription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The M phase involves active cell division, while the G0 phase is a quiescent state where cells are not actively dividing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External factors such as physical and chemical signals can activate internal factors that influence cell cycle progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>During the S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of its DNA, preparing for mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unequal crossing-over (recombination) leading to duplication of part of chromosome 17.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inter-chromosomal duplications involve segments moving to a different chromosome, while intra-chromosomal duplications occur within the same chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct tandem, where the gene order remains the same, and reverse tandem, where the gene order is inverted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A ring chromosome forms when a chromosome undergoes two breaks and the broken ends reunite in a circular shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facial abnormalities, immune deficiencies, abnormalities of the retina, slow growth, and short stature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An isochromosome consists of two identical arms and is formed due to transverse division of the centromere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Position effect refers to changes in phenotype that occur when the position of a gene is altered due to duplication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin is the form of genetic material that exists during interphase, characterized as less coiled, less condensed, and thin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insertions can disrupt gene function and regulatory elements, potentially leading to genetic disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chromosome is a more coiled, condensed, and thick form of genetic material that exists during the division phase of the cell cycle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A chromatid is one arm of a chromosome and represents the duplicated form of chromosome present during anaphase and early telophase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A monocentric chromosome has one centromere, which is crucial for proper attachment to spindle fibers during cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The C value is the amount of DNA in pictograms contained within the nucleus of a eukaryotic organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The C value paradox refers to the observation that the amount of DNA (C value) does not correlate with the organism's complexity, indicating that more DNA does not necessarily mean a more complex organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An acentric chromosome lacks a centromere and thus cannot bind to spindle fibers, leading to its loss during division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The centromere is the region that attaches the chromosome to spindle fibers and is critical for proper chromosome alignment and separation during mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typically, the more complex the organism, the larger the C value, suggesting a greater amount of genetic information is needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telomeres are caps at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from deterioration and prevent end-to-end fusion, playing a key role in cellular lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The G value represents the number of genes in an organism, and the G value paradox highlights the lack of association between an organism's gene count and its complexity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genome size correlates inversely with cell division rates, as larger genomes are often found in larger, slowly dividing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Holocentric chromosomes have diffuse centromeres along their length, allowing multiple attachment points to spindle fibers, unlike the single attachment point in monocentric chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The NOR contains genes coding for rRNA, which are essential for nucleolus formation and ribosome biosynthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary constriction is a thin segment that helps identify certain chromosomes and is not present in all chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dicentric chromosomes, having two centromeres, can fragment during division due to conflicting forces exerted by spindle fibers, leading to genetic loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers