Veterinary Fluid Administration and Shock Therapy Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the total body water percentage in humans?

70% BW

50% BW

40% BW

60% BW (correct)

Which electrolyte is responsible for the osmolarity of the fluid in dogs?

Sodium (correct)

Potassium

Protein

Chloride

What is the major indication for fluid therapy?

Managing electrolyte imbalance

Treating shock (correct)

Preventing dehydration

Improving circulation

What is the approximate osmolarity of fluid in cats?

310 mOsm/l Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of interstitial fluid in the total body water?

30% BW Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid compartment contains intravascular fluid?

Extracellular fluid Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a severe level of plasma lactate?

8-10 mmol/L Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of blood loss is indicated to consider whole blood and colloid for transfusion?

20% Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of volume overload due to overzealous use of fluids?

Peripheral edema, polyuria, tachypnea Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to calculate percentage blood loss?

$rac{blood ext{ }loss}{body ext{ }weight} imes 100$ Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a significant reduction in plasma lactate in patients treated for shock?

10% reduction Signup and view all the answers

In which patients is pulmonary and interstitial edema most likely to occur due to fluid therapy?

Patients with renal disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the blood volume of Bruno, an 8-year-old Bulldog weighing 20kg?

1800ml Signup and view all the answers

What is the indicated limit for colloid in blood loss of 20%?

20ml/kg Signup and view all the answers

What is the considered prognostic outcome in humans in the context of shock treatment?

Serial lactate measurements Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal 'Maintenance' requirement of water per day for dogs and cats?

50ml/kg/day for dogs and cats Signup and view all the answers

What are the clinical signs of classic hypovolaemic shock?

Tachycardia, poor pulse quality, decreased extremity temperature, pale mucous membranes, and decreased mentation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of shock?

Hypovolaemic shock Signup and view all the answers

What are the aims of shock treatment?

Rapid yet judicious use of fluid therapy to restore vascular volume, normalize tissue perfusion, and reduce secondary injuries Signup and view all the answers

What does dehydration refer to?

A deficit in total body water and is often clinically used to refer to isotonic and hypotonic losses Signup and view all the answers

What is cardiogenic shock caused by?

Heart disease, cardiac tamponade, or arrhythmias Signup and view all the answers

Which type of solution is often preferred for shock therapy in veterinary medicine due to its alkalinizing properties?

Hartmann's solution Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of goal-directed therapy in fluid administration for shock in veterinary medicine?

To avoid excessive fluids and identify non-responders Signup and view all the answers

Why are blood products not a first-line treatment for shock in veterinary medicine?

They cannot be administered fast enough while avoiding potential transfusion reactions Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between crystalloids and colloids in shock therapy for veterinary medicine?

Colloids contain large molecules that do not cross the vascular endothelium Signup and view all the answers

When is hypertonic saline valuable in veterinary medicine for hypovolemic patients?

In patients with head trauma Signup and view all the answers

Why is Hartmann's solution contraindicated in severe liver disease and conditions where fluid accumulation may be an issue?

It has alkalinizing properties Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hypotensive resuscitation in veterinary medicine?

To restore blood pressure to acceptable limits without 'popping the clot' Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fluid Administration and Shock Therapy in Veterinary Medicine

In veterinary medicine, intravenous or intraosseous access is necessary for expanding the vascular space, with intraosseous cannulation being suitable for small puppies and kittens.
Isotonic crystalloids equilibrate quickly with interstitial fluids, with only 10-25% remaining in the circulation after 1 hour, necessitating high volumes for shock therapy.
Goal-directed therapy involves giving 10-20ml/kg of isotonic crystalloid over 15 minutes and then reassessing perfusion parameters, helping to avoid excessive fluids and identify non-responders.
Hartmann's solution is often preferred for shock therapy in veterinary medicine due to its alkalinizing properties, although it is contraindicated in severe liver disease and conditions where fluid accumulation may be an issue.
Crystalloids are cheap, physiological, and widely available, but they only transiently expand the vascular compartment and do not provide a replacement for albumin, which is important in hypoalbuminemic patients.
Colloids contain large molecules that do not cross the vascular endothelium, and they have a high oncotic pressure that acts to expand and maintain intravascular volume, with smaller volumes required than crystalloids for shock therapy.
There are various common colloids used in veterinary medicine, such as Haemacel and Pentastarch/Tetrastarch 6%, each with different molecular sizes and duration of action.
There is no definitive evidence showing the superiority of crystalloids over colloids, and recent controversy exists surrounding the withdrawal of colloids in human medicine due to renal complications.
Hypertonic saline, with a high osmotic gradient, draws interstitial fluid into the vascular space, making it valuable in hypovolemic patients with head trauma, but it must be followed by crystalloids to repay the debt.
Blood products are not a first-line treatment for shock in veterinary medicine, as they cannot be administered fast enough while avoiding potential transfusion reactions, but may be required to maintain a PCV of greater than 20-25% after initial resuscitation.
Hypotensive resuscitation may be indicated in ongoing internal hemorrhage to restore blood pressure to acceptable limits without "popping the clot," with definitive volume restoration delayed until bleeding is surgically managed.
Additional shock therapies, such as vasopressors/inotropes, bicarbonate, and glucocorticoids, may be used in severe cases, but physical findings and blood lactate levels are essential for monitoring and assessing oxygen delivery to tissues.

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Description

Test your knowledge of fluid administration and shock therapy in veterinary medicine with this quiz. Explore topics such as isotonic crystalloids, Hartmann's solution, colloids, hypertonic saline, blood products, and additional shock therapies used in veterinary medicine.