Veterinary Dosage Forms

• Veterinary dosage forms are pharmaceutical drugs marketed in a specific form that involve a mixture of active and non-drug components (excipients).
• Dosage forms deliver drugs to the body towards the site of action.
• Dosage forms are the drug's final product that is administered to patients.
• Dosage forms include active drugs and pharmaceutical excipients.
• A drug is an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) that can be used in diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases.
• Drugs are exogenous substance that, when absorbed, alter a living organism's normal bodily funtion.
• Excipients are inactive pharmaceutical ingredients and is added for technological, biopharmaceutical and/or stability reasons.
• Types of excipients include diluents/fillers, binders, lubricants, disintegrants, coatings, preservatives, stabilizers, colorants and flavorings.

Reasons for the Need of Dosage Forms

• Protection of the drug substance from destructive atmospheric oxygen.
• Protection of the drug from gastric acid after oral administration.
• It is used to conceal bitter, salty, or offensive tastes/odors of a drug.
• Provision of liquid preparations of substances that are insoluble in a desired vehicle.
• They can be used for insertion into one of the body's orifices.
• They allow optimal drug action from topical administration sites.

Dose & Dosage Regimen

• Dose signifies the amount of drug taken at one time.
• Doses may be expressed as the weight of drug (e.g. 250 mg), volume of drug solution (e.g. 10 mL, 2 drops), the number of dosage forms (e.g. 1 capsule, 1 suppository) or some other quantity (e.g.e 2 puffs).
• Dosage regimen is the frequency at which the drug doses are given.
• Dosage regimen examples: 2.5 mL twice a day, one tablet three times a day, one injection every four weeks.
• The total daily dose is calculated from the dose and the number of times per day the dose is taken.
• Strength is the amount of drug in the dosage form or a unit of the dosage form.

Types of Dosage Forms

• Dosage forms can be physical (solid, semisolid, liquid, or gaseous)
• Dosage forms can be classified according to the administration route (oral, topical, rectal, parenteral, vaginal, inhaled, ophthalmic, or otic).
• Dosage forms are classified by route of drug administration (enteral, parenteral, inhalation, or topical).
• Enteral administration includes oral, sublingual, and rectal routes.
• Parenteral includes injections (intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous) and subcutaneous implantation routes.
• Topical include skin, eye, nose, mouth, vaginal and ear routes administration.
• Common veterinary dosage forms include oral, parenteral, topical, and special dosage forms..

Oral dosage forms

• Oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, granules, premixes, medicated blocks, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and pastes.
• Tablets, capsules, powders, granules, premixes and medicated blocks are solid
• Solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and pastes are liquid
• Liquid Dosage forms include monophasic or biphasic liquid dosage forms
• Solid Dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, granules, cachets, lozenges, pastilles
• Semisolid dosage forms include ointments, creams, pastes, jellies, suppositories, pessaries, nasal bougies, ear cones, bougies and poultices

Parenteral Dosage Forms

• Parenteral dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, micro/nan emulsions, liposomes, in situ forming gels/suspensions, and implants.
• Topical dosage forms include solutions, suspensions, suspoemulsions, pastes, ointments, creams, lotions, gels, transdermal patches, and dusting powders.
• Special dosage forms include recombinant proteins and peptides, vaccines, inhaled medications, intramammary infusion products, and intervaginal delivery systems.

Liquid Dosage Forms

• Liquid dosage forms can either be monophasic or biphasic.
• Monophasic liquid dosage forms include solutions
• Biphasic liquid dosage forms include suspensions, emulsions
• Solutions meant for oral and internal use may consist of mixtures, elixirs, linctuses, and syrups.
• Solutions for topical applications may consist of mouthwashes, gargles, throat paints, and throat sprays.
• Solutions instilled into body cavities includes eye drops, eye lotions, ear drops, nasal drops, nasal wash, nasal sprays, inhalations, douches, and enemas.
• Solutions applied to the body surfaces include lotions, liniments, collodions, paints.

Solid Dosage forms

• Solid dosage forms include unit or bulk forms.
• Unit includes tablets and capsules
• Bulk includes powders, dusting powder

Tablets

• Tablets are solid oral dosage forms of compressed powders or granules intended for oral administration.
• Tablets are unit dosage form of medication containing specific drug amount.
• Tablets are prepared with the aid of pharmaceutical excipients.
• Tablets vary in size, shape, weight, hardness, thickness, disintegration and dissolution.
• Tablets are used as a convenient dosage form in human but not in animals.
• Solid compressed tablets are less popular administration to animals because it is uncertain if they swallowed it.
• Flavoring agents and sweeteners can be added to the formulation to encourage them swallow.

Types of Tablets

• Classified according to their form into compressed and triturated tablets.
• Compressed are prepared by compression, lenticular in shape (similar to lentil seed).
• Triturated are prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable diluent like lactose, moistened with alcohol and pressed into molds to dry flat and disc shaped.
• Special tablets include sublingual, buccal, vaginal, and rectal tablets.
• Molded tablets include hypodermic and dispensing tablets.
• Compressed tablets include dispersible, chewable, film coated, enteric coated effervescent, immediate release, and sustained release tablets.
• Tablets can be coated or non-coated.
• Coated tablets are covered with sugar to avoid tasting the drug.
• Enteric coated tablets are covered with an acid resistant coating so it wont dissolve in stomach
• Tablets may be divided or non-divided to faciliate administration.
• Very small size for sublingual use and up to 2g for effervescent tablets.
• Tablet manufacturing process include blending, granulation, milling, compression, coating, labeling ending with packing.

Pills

• Pills (Bilula) are a drug preparation with a sticky substance molded into a spherical form to be easily swallowed.
• Pills should not weigh > 0.3 g
• Pills are coated with sugar if the drugs are volatile, bitter or nauseous
• They are most effective for small animals.

Capsules

• Capsules are unit solid dosage forms consisting of a gelatin shell that breaks open after being swallowed to release the drug.
• Capsule-shaped tablets are commonly referred to as caplets.
• Capsules can be hard gelatin or soft gelatin.
• Hard Gelatin Capsules manufactured in 2 pieces that fit together to hold the drug in powder or granular form
• They are made up of gelatin, sugar and water.
• The capsule shell contains low moisture content.
• They are hard and cylindrical in shape.
• They contain powders, granules or pellets inside capsule.
• Capsule’s structure are the capsule body and cap
• Soft gelatin shell is manufactured in 1 piece within liquid form, e.g. fat-soluble vitamins A and E.
• They are made up of gelatin, water, glycerin, or sorbitol.
• The composition contains high moisture compared to hard gelatin capsule.
• Used for filing liquid or semisolid preparations, they are soft and vary in shape like round, oval, oblong, etc.

Cachets

• Cachets are molded from from rice paper and water to form a sheet.
• They are used mask the nauseous or disagreeable powders for administration.
• Enclosure provides means to administer powders in tasteless form.
• There are 2 kinds, 'wet seal' and 'dry seal'.
• The 'wet seal' is called so since water is used to seal them.
• The 'wet seal' consists of two halves, both alike, convex in shape and with a broad flange used for sealing.
• The 'dry seal' has a shallow cylindrical base and a slightly larger, slip over cap.
• Both hold from 0.2 to 2 g of a powder of medium density.
• They are softened by immersion in water, then taken with a water.

Bolus

• Bolus are very large tablets held in the rumen enabling prolonged exposure.
• A bolus generally range from 3 - 16 g.
• A bolus preparationis an elongated cylindrical preparation about 5-7 cm in length, 2 cm in diameter and weigh 30-45g
• They are designed for usage for large animals like cattle, sheep and goats

Powder

• Powder (pulvis) is a solid drug in finely powdered form.
• Powders may be simple (i.e. contains one drug only e.g. sulphonamide powder).
• Powders may be compound (combination of solid drug).
• Powders may be used externally or internally.
• When used externally, they are applied by dusting or insufflation, and dispensed in boxes, tins or envelops.
• When used internally, they are dispensed as such in cachets, capsules or sachets.
• Sterilized powder such as hormones or antibiotics are dispensed in sealed ampoules or vials away from their solvent to extended their expiry.
• Effervescent powder contains a base like bicarbonate or tartaric of citric acid that should not react with each other except in water to effervesce to decrease its taste.

Drinking Water Medications

• A common form of medicating drinking water to animals for herd or flock health medications are formulated
• Dry powders are recontituted into liquid concentrates added directly to the drinking water. OR
• Concentrated solutionsare directly dispensed/injected into the drinking water through medicated proportioners incorporated into watering lines.
• Sick or unhealthy animals may not eat, but will still continue to drink.

General Considerations for Drinking Water Medications

• The following must be considered:
  • Whether product is dry powder, dispensing tablet, or liquid concentrate,
    • Tablet or granule hardness, buffer capacity, pH,
    • Total dissolved solids affecting solubility rate,
    • Stability of the drug, storage length.
• Consideration given formulate a liquid concentrate using solvents (non-water based due to possibility of precipitation when diluted with water.
• All of the above factors make water formulation a challenging task.
• The main challenges are finding a vehicle is adequate as is chemically stable while achieving the solutions (water as 1st choice vehicle).
• PH and temp has to be taken into effect to ensure no precipitation.

Parenteral dosage forms

• Solutions are a clear mixture of two or more component forming a single homogenous phase .
• "Water for injection" is the widely used *solvent for parenteral formulations.

Solution-based parenterals

• Suspensions are Insoluble biphasic solid particles dispersed or suspended in a liquid medium.
• Emulsionare Heterogeneous dispersion of two immiscible liquid that need an emulsifying agent for stability.
• Parenteral emulsions are rare because it is seldom necessary to achieve an emulsion administration.
• Dry powder is reconstituted as a or suspension immediately prior to injection. *overcomes the problem of instability in solution Injection=Sterilized
• Dry form of solution intended for injection. ampoules.
• Ampoules: is a sealed glass containing one dose of a drug in the form if sterile for injection
• Vialsmall/large bottles is closed with rubber cap and sterile solution for single /multiple doses

Specific Parenterals

• Intermammary product = for lactating /non-lactating cow lactating cow intermammary should demonstration lower concentration of drug concentration in the tissue.

• Intervaginal system include polyurethane sponges containing synthetic progestin multi drug at time a insert call biodegradable or

• Implant hypodermic tablet: solid prepared with a certain hormone( steroid implant under skin =compressed tablet/matrix with in polymer Gaseuous drug = Gases anaesthesia

Types of Drugs

• Aqueous the watery chloroform:
• Miatures suspensions:
• Immiscible
• Elixirs: flavoring less viscous than other the syrup

Preparations

• Infusion: is a preparation made by poring alcohol powder sharked the line (senna
• Decoction: a except except tea
• Extract a extract with a liquid water

Tinctures

• Tincture : Is An of plant = 50

Miscellaneous Dosage Forms

• Collyrium: Eye cotton

• Gutta: eye eye drops and antibiotics .

• Topical dosage forms of the skin

• Fomentation:

• Lotion friction on skin.

• Linniment

• enema per rectum ( anaesthesia)

• Poultice

Semisolids

• Ointment: Vaseline, Lanoline

• Topical medication

• Suppostory: Rectm

• Pastes Gel: tubes syringeds

• Drench: Drug into thrt syrengue

• Tubing: tubed

Topical Dosages

• Pore On/ spot – application ( used angainst ectopara sites such as neurotoxins)
• Dust = powder form.
• Dips –

Additional Dosages

• Feed food and medicine
• Medicine is called Permiz

Veterinary dosage forms are pharmaceutical drugs marketed in a specific form, involving active and inactive components. They deliver drugs to the body towards the site of action. Drugs can be used in diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of diseases.