Veterinary Allergy and Skin Conditions

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism leading to adverse reactions to food in dogs?

An autoimmune response to environmental allergens

A sensitivity to carbohydrate sources in the diet

The specific protein source in the diet (correct)

An intolerance to dietary preservatives

Which clinical sign is NOT commonly associated with food allergies in dogs?

Secondary yeast and bacterial infections

Excessive paw licking (correct)

Nonseasonal pruritus

Gastrointestinal signs

Which breed is associated with primary idiopathic seborrhea?

Labrador Retriever

Beagle

Cocker Spaniel (correct)

German Shepherd

What is a KEY feature of Cytopoint's effectiveness in dogs?

Effects are noted within 24 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which method is used for diagnosing a food allergy in dogs?

Elimination diet trial Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of the pemphigus complex?

Production of IgG antibodies targeting adhesion molecules within the epidermis. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following areas is least commonly affected by pemphigus foliaceus in cats?

Abdomen Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment option is exclusively used for cats suffering from autoimmune skin disorders?

Chlorambucil Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign may pemphigus foliaceus in cats frequently mimic due to its pustular nature?

Bacterial pyoderma Signup and view all the answers

In the diagnosis of autoimmune skin disorders, which method is considered the most definitive?

Skin biopsy for histopathology Signup and view all the answers

What is a common area affected by autoimmune skin disorders?

Nasal planum and ear pinnae Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for pemphigus complex in dogs?

Immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is indicative of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

Severe crusting of footpads Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for cases of autoimmune skin disorders?

Azathioprine, specifically in dogs Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential consequence of hepatocutaneous syndrome?

Extremely guarded prognosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of lesions are often seen in autoimmune skin disorders?

Crusts covering erosions or ulcers Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is primarily used for autoimmune skin disorders?

Skin biopsy for histopathology Signup and view all the answers

Which of these options describes a key characteristic of pemphigus foliaceus?

Characterized by subcorneal to intraepidermal pustules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary cause of external otitis that is least likely to affect dogs?

Poultry mites Signup and view all the answers

What factor may contribute to external otitis in breeds with high numbers of ceruminous glands?

Increased cerumen production Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is NOT listed as a primary cause of external otitis?

Chronic skin infections Signup and view all the answers

What predisposing factor is associated with pendulous pinnae in certain breeds?

Limited access to the ear canal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason why excessive cerumen complicates the treatment of otitis?

It traps foreign material in the ear canal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of sebaceous adenitis?

Nonpruritic excessive scaling Signup and view all the answers

Which breed is NOT predisposed to sebaceous adenitis?

Beagles Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment for plasma cell pododermatitis?

Doxycycline for 10 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic procedure for nodular skin disorders?

Deep skin biopsy including subcutis Signup and view all the answers

What potential cause is associated with erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis?

Drugs or vaccinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Glycotech as described in the document?

To act as a diagnostic or therapeutic instrument for Pseudomonas bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which components are notably involved in the operation of Glycotech?

Monosaccharides and amikyls Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of small animals, what does the document specify about treatment approaches?

Treatment depends entirely on the diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is NOT mentioned as a primary area of concern related to small animals?

Hematologic disorders Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options closely relates to the complications expected with otitis media in cats as per the document notes?

Tympanic bulla involvement Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary diagnostic method for confirming uveitis in dogs?

Signalment and clinical signs evaluation Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is most commonly used for dermatomyositis in dogs?

Pentoxifylline, with or without corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterizes the skin lesions associated with uveitis?

Melanocyte destruction and cosmetic lesions Signup and view all the answers

Juvenile cellulitis in young dogs is primarily characterized by which of the following symptoms?

Pustules, crusts, and regional lymphadenopathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following complications is specifically associated with CN7 in dogs?

CN7 paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action regarding breeding for dogs diagnosed with dermatomyositis?

Recommend against breeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of otitis media in animal health?

Impacts the middle ear Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bulla divided ventromedial & dorsolateral' signify?

An anatomical division in the bulla Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is commonly referred to as 'puppy strangles'?

Juvenile cellulitis Signup and view all the answers

What specific symptom is NOT typically associated with juvenile cellulitis?

Pyoderma Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom may indicate chronic pathological changes in the ear?

Hyperplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic method for uveitis?

Ultrasound of abdominal organs Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential result of poor healing in veterinary medicine related to ear conditions?

Altered glandular secretions Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical features are primarily associated with a predisposition to ear canal issues in certain dog breeds?

Increased numbers of ceruminous glands and stenotic ear canals Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial species is NOT commonly associated with bacterial otitis in animals?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

Under which condition should a ceruminolytic cleaner not be used in ear treatment?

In the presence of ruptured tympanic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of ear canal issues in animals?

They are frequently secondary to a primary underlying issue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended frequency for applying ear medication in the treatment of ear canal issues?

Twice a day for 5 days Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is commonly used to identify ear mites in animals?

Black, brown, or coffee-ground debris Signup and view all the answers

Which future complication might arise due to media-related issues affecting the ear?

Facial nerve (CN7) and vestibulocochlear nerve (CN8) deficits Signup and view all the answers

What is typically the timeframe for observing maximal improvement in clinical signs following treatment with certain medications?

Up to 2 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cytopoint

Monoclonal antibody targeting IL-31
Provides 4-8 weeks of relief
Suitable for dogs of all ages
Noticeable effect within 24 hours
Minimal side effects

Adverse Reaction to Food (Food Allergy)

Mechanism of the disease is not understood
Typically caused by protein sources in the diet
Rarely occurs following a change in diet
Clinical signs:
- Non-seasonal pruritus
- Variable response to corticosteroids
- Lesions secondary to self-trauma
- Secondary yeast and bacterial skin and ear infections are common
- Gastrointestinal signs in some animals
Can occur in animals of any age including older dogs

Diagnosis of Food Allergy

Elimination diet trial
Pruritus reduction of 50% or more

Treatment of Food Allergy

Remove the irritating substance by bathing or avoiding the irritating substance

Primary Idiopathic Seborrhea

Hereditary or genetic tendency
Most common form
Cocker spaniels, springer spaniels, and West Highland white terriers are predisposed
Clinical signs:
- Excessive dry or greasy scales

Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

Cutaneous manifestation of end-stage liver disease
Associated with glucagonoma in humans
Clinical signs:
- Older dogs
- Severe crusting of footpads, elbows, and commissures of the mouth
- Systemic illness

Diagnosis of Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

Signalment and clinical signs
Histopathology
Evidence of liver failure

Treatment of Hepatocutaneous Syndrome

Typically unsuccessful with guarded prognosis
Correct liver disease if possible
Nutritional management (intravenous amino acids)

Autoimmune Skin Disorders (General Characteristics)

Similar manifestations of autoimmunity
Crusts covering erosions or ulcers are typical lesions
Common affected areas:
- Nasal planum
- Ear pinnae
- Footpads
Some diseases may affect the oral cavity or mucous membranes

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Skin Disorders

Skin biopsy for histopathology
Additional laboratory tests may be required if systemic signs

Treatment of Autoimmune Skin Disorders

Immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids
Azathioprine (dogs only)
Chlorambucil (typically used in cats)
Other immunosuppressive agents (cyclosporine or gold salts)

Pemphigus Complex

Mechanism: IgG antibodies target adhesion molecules within the epidermis resulting in acantholysis of keratinocytes
Lesions: pustules, superficial or deep erosions, ulcers

Pemphigus Foliaceus

Most common autoimmune skin disorder
Epidermal involvement only
Common areas: planum, pinnae, footpads, and other body areas
Characterized by subcorneal to intraepidermal pustules
Can mimic pyoderma due to pustular nature

Pemphigus Foliaceus (Cats)

Head most common, also pinna, nasal planum, and periocular

Important Notes

↑ liver enzymes
↓ albumin
Glucose

Uveitis

Acute onset of uveitis
Hypopigmentation of the skin typically on the face
Diagnosis:
- Signalment and clinical signs
- Skin biopsy for histopathology
- Histopathology of ocular tissue
Treatment:
- Treat the uveitis
- Skin lesions are cosmetic
- All melanocytes will be destroyed

Dermatomyositis

Inherited disorder specific to Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs
Inflammatory response targeting hair follicles and mastication muscles
Muscle atrophy and scarring may occur
Onset usually before one year of age
Clinical signs: Alopecia, erythema, erosions, ulcers with crusts
Myopathy may or may not be present

Diagnosis of Dermatomyositis

Breed and clinical signs
Histopathology of skin and muscle

Treatment of Dermatomyositis

Pentoxifylline with or without corticosteroids
Recommend against breeding

Juvenile Cellulitis

Commonly referred to as "puppy strangles"
Immune-mediated condition, exact trigger is not understood
Often associated with staphylococcal infection
Clinical signs:
- Pustules, crusts, and cellulitis
- Typically affects the head and neck
- Regional lymphadenopathy
- Pyrexia, lethargy, and depression

Diagnosis of Juvenile Cellulitis

- Signalment and clinical signs
- Rule out other causes of folliculitis

Erythema Multiforme and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis

Unknown mechanism, potentially caused by an antigen (drug, toxin, or vaccination)
Clinical signs:
- Vesicular or ulcerative skin lesions
- Possible systemic illness
Diagnosis:
- Detailed history and physical exam
- Skin biopsy for histopathology
Treatment:
- Identify and remove causative agent
- Supportive care
- Immunosuppressive therapy may be needed

Sebaceous Adenitis

Immune-mediated destruction of sebaceous glands
Clinical signs:
- Excessive scaling
- Follicular casts
- Patchy alopecia
- Secondary bacterial and yeast infections
  - Common
  - Non-pruritic
Breeds predisposed: Standard poodles, Akitas, Samoyeds
Diagnosis: Histopathology
Treatment:
- Antiseborrheic therapy
- Topical treatments to restore sebum

Plasma Cell Pododermatitis

Thought to be immune-mediated, but the mechanism is unknown
Clinical signs:
- Soft, painless swelling of footpads (in cats)
- Multiple footpads affected
Diagnosis:
- Detailed history, physical exam
- Histopathology
Treatment:
- Doxycycline orally (80% response rate)
- Corticosteroids
- Possible spontaneous regression
- Surgery is an option

Nodular Skin Disorders

Differential diagnosis:
- Infectious causes
- Neoplasia
- Sterile inflammatory causes
Diagnosis:
- Deep skin biopsy
- Tissue culture (rule out infectious causes)
- Histopathology
Infectious Causes:
- Bacterial infections
- Fungal infections
- Atypical mycobacterial infections

Treatment of Ear Conditions

Depends entirely on the diagnosis

Otitis (General Concepts)

Ear is an extension of the skin
Conditions affecting the skin can affect the external ear canals

Cerumen

Debris produced by sebaceous and apocrine glands
Found in ear canals
Can trap foreign material complicating treatments

External Otitis

Inflammation of the external ear canal
Primary causes:
- Parasites:
  - Otodectes cyanotis (ear mites)
  - Otobius megnini (spinous ear tick)
  - Demodex mites
  - Eutrombicula alfreddugesi (chiggers)
  - Sarcoptes scabiei
  - Poultry mites
- Allergic disorders:
  - Most common cause of chronic otitis inflammation in dogs
  - Atopy
  - Adverse reaction to food
  - Contact dermatitis
- Foreign bodies
- Keratinization disorders:
  - Primary seborrhea
  - Hypothyroidism
- Cancer of the ear canal
- Autoimmune disorders

Predisposing Causes for External Otitis

Factors that alter the microenvironment:
- Breeds with increased numbers of ceruminous glands
  - Example: Cocker spaniels
- Breeds with stenotic ear canals
  - Example: Shar-pei, Chow Chow
- Pendulous pinnae may restrict access to the ear canal
Excessive moisture
- Frequent swimming

Neoplasia

Cancer of the ear canal

Sterile Diseases

Sterile granuloma
Sterile nodular panniculitis

Glycotech

Uses monosaccharides and amikyls
Polyglycosides
Used for Pseudomonas bacteria
Remember*: This summary was generated by an AI, and it is based on the provided text. While the AI has attempted to capture the key information, it is advised to consult reliable veterinary resources and a professional for complete and accurate information.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the treatment and diagnosis of allergies and skin conditions in dogs, including food allergies and primary idiopathic seborrhea. This quiz covers therapies like Cytopoint and effective dietary management strategies. Learn about the symptoms, diagnosis methods, and specific breeds prone to skin issues.