60 Questions
Which of the following is a cardinal feature of clinical allergy syndromes?
Potentially life-threatening generalised allergic reaction
What is the most common type of food allergy among UK adults?
Oral allergy syndrome
What are the cardinal features of clinical allergy syndromes?
All of the above
What are the symptoms of airway disease?
All of the above
What is the role of Th2 responses in allergy?
All of the above
What is the characteristic feature of chronic asthma?
All of the above
What is the late phase reaction in allergic inflammation?
All of the above
Which cells are responsible for the early phase allergic reaction?
Mast cells
What is the basic mechanism of the early phase allergic reaction?
Binding of allergens to IgE antibodies on mast cells
What is the role of T cells in sensitization to environmental allergens?
T cells activate mast cells in response to allergens
Which of the following is NOT an example of an allergen source?
Histamine
What is a characteristic of allergens?
They are almost always innocuous environmental proteins
What are the clinical features of the early phase allergic reaction?
Skin rash and hives
What are the delayed mediators produced during the early phase allergic reaction?
Leukotrienes
Which of the following is a treatment option for atopic asthma?
Omalizumab
What is the mechanism of action of omalizumab?
Reducing allergen-specific IgE levels
What is the main purpose of allergen-specific immunotherapy?
Inducing regulatory T cell responses to allergens
Which treatment option is used for oral desensitisation in children with peanut allergy?
Oral peanut desensitisation
What is the median tolerated dose in a food challenge for oral peanut desensitisation in children?
5000mg
What is the recommended approach for long-term protection after oral peanut desensitisation?
Continue daily peanut exposure
What is the main immunological effect of allergen immunotherapy?
Inducing regulatory T cell responses to allergens
What is the purpose of skin prick testing and serological detection of allergen-specific IgE?
To diagnose allergic diseases
What are the various treatment options for allergic diseases?
Corticosteroids, omalizumab, allergen-specific immunotherapy
Which of the following is a potential factor in the etiology of allergy according to the text?
All of the above
According to the text, which of the following is true about the hygiene hypothesis?
Low hygiene levels can skew immunity towards Th2
According to the text, which of the following is a potential effect of chronic allergic disease?
All of the above
According to the text, which of the following is a true role for T cells in chronic inflammation?
All of the above
According to the text, which of the following is a characteristic of mast cell stabilizers?
Reduce mast cell degranulation by unknown mechanism
According to the text, which of the following is a characteristic of H1 antihistamines?
Inverse agonists at H1 histamine receptor
According to the text, how do corticosteroids reduce immune activation?
All of the above
Which of the following is the most common symptom of oral allergy syndrome?
Itching in the mouth
What is the main cause of laryngeal edema in anaphylaxis?
Histamine release in the airways
What is the most common trigger of food allergies in the United Kingdom?
Foods
What is the approximate proportion of people referred with anaphylaxis who actually have anaphylaxis?
10%
Which of the following is a characteristic of delayed mediators in allergic reactions?
They are only relevant to asthma
What is the main purpose of skin prick testing?
To identify allergen-specific IgE
Which of the following is a characteristic of allergens?
They are naturally occurring proteins
What is the cardinal feature of anaphylaxis?
Generalized release of histamine
Which of the following is a characteristic of the late phase allergic reaction?
It is associated with chronic inflammation of asthma.
Which type of T cells are particularly important for mucosal immunity?
T helper 17 cells
What is the main role of regulatory T cells?
To damp down immune responses
What is the main mechanism of action of biologic therapies for asthma?
Targeting T helper 2 cell cytokines
Which of the following is the correct mechanism of a type one allergic reaction?
Exposure to allergens leads to the rapid development of symptoms within seconds or minutes of exposure.
What is the role of mast cells in the early phase allergic reaction?
Mast cells bind allergens to pre-formed antibodies on their surface.
What is the main purpose of allergen-specific immunotherapy?
To desensitize the immune system to specific allergens.
Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic allergic inflammation?
It is associated with the release of delayed mediators.
According to the text, what is the most enduring hypothesis of allergy?
The hygiene hypothesis
According to the text, what is a potential factor in the etiology of allergy?
Large family size
According to the text, what is the main purpose of allergen-specific immunotherapy?
To induce regulatory phenotype
According to the text, what is a potential effect of chronic allergic disease?
Increased risk of autoimmunity
According to the LEAP Study, what percentage of infants in the avoidance group who were test positive at baseline became allergic to peanuts?
35%
What was the age at which infants in the LEAP Study were randomized to either peanut avoidance or regular peanut consumption?
6 months
In the LEAP Study, what percentage of infants in the consumption group developed peanut allergy?
2%
What was the purpose of the LEAP Study?
To study the effects of early peanut exposures on infants
What percentage of infants in the avoidance group who were test negative at the beginning went on to develop peanut allergy?
13.7%
What was the duration of the LEAP Study?
5 years
Which of the following is a characteristic of the late phase allergic reaction?
It is a delayed reaction that occurs several hours after exposure to the allergen.
What is the main difference between pure allergic asthma and most cases of asthma?
Pure allergic asthma is triggered by specific allergens, while most cases of asthma have no specific triggers.
What is the role of T cells in chronic inflammation?
T cells recruit inflammatory cells and contribute to the persistence of inflammation in chronic allergic diseases.
According to the text, what is a potential factor in the etiology of allergy?
Excessive cleanliness and reduced exposure to microbial agents.
Test your knowledge on chronic allergic disease, specifically asthma, by taking this quiz. Learn about the role of activated Th2 cells and other inflammatory cells in the accumulation of Th2 products, leading to chronic symptoms such as mucus hypersecretion, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment, and mast cell recruitment. Explore potential factors involved in chronic inflammation.
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