Vertebrate Characteristics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of vertebrates?

  • Neural crest
  • Enhanced cephalization
  • Vertebral column
  • Open circulatory system (correct)

The vertebral column provides no support for the body axis.

False (B)

What is the term used to describe vertebrates due to the presence of a cranium?

Craniates

The ___ is a structure that allows for unique vertebrate characteristics, such as the formation of bones and cartilage.

<p>neural crest</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vertebrate features with their descriptions:

<p>Neural crest = Embryonic structure forming bones and cartilage Cranium = Bone or cartilage structure encasing the brain Endoskeleton = Internal skeleton for efficient locomotion Closed circulatory system = Blood enclosed in vessels at all times</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

<p>Support the body axis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vertebrates have a well-differentiated head with less prominent sensory organs compared to protochordates.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intervertebral disks?

<p>Thin compression discs between vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fish scales are found in elasmobranchs like sharks?

<p>Placoid scales (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dermis of cartilaginous fish contains true scales.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of skin in sharks?

<p>Osmoregulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

There are _____ types of scales in fish.

<p>five</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fish are cosmoid scales found in?

<p>Sarcopterygii (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Skin coloration in cartilaginous fish is due to special cells called chromatophores.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of jaw suspension is primarily found in modern fishes?

<p>Hyostylic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique characteristic of ganoid scales?

<p>They have a rhomboid shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of fish scales with their characteristics:

<p>Placoid = Found in elasmobranchs and tooth-like Cosmoid = Found in Sarcopterygii and fossilized Ganoid = Thick and rhomboid shaped scales Cycloid = Thin and flexible scales in advanced teleosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cladoselache is an early shark known for its symmetrical tail structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one of the two main types of bony fishes.

<p>Lobe-finned or ray-finned</p> Signup and view all the answers

The only surviving lobe-finned fish today is the __________.

<p>coelacanth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is unique to bony fishes as compared to cartilaginous fishes?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following classes of vertebrates with their examples:

<p>Agnatha = Hagfish and lamprey Chondrichthyes = Sharks and rays Osteichthyes = Bony fishes Sarcopterygii = Lobe-finned fishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ray-finned fishes are characterized by having paired fins resting on short projecting appendages.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation do bottom clingers possess that helps them adhere to the bottom of water bodies?

<p>Flattened heads and large pectoral fins</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the phenomenon where an organism's dark upper side blends with deeper water while its lighter underside merges with the lighter surface?

<p>Countershading (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bony fish have skin that is made up of two layers: the epidermis and dermis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological feature do some deepwater sharks possess that aids in predator avoidance?

<p>Photophores</p> Signup and view all the answers

The deepest living fish, ________, has been discovered at a depth of 8,372 meters.

<p>Abyssobrotula galatheae</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the fish with their respective adaptations or features:

<p>Wobbegongs = Cryptic coloration Pufferfish = Poison glands Clingfish = Thick mucus layer Bony fish scales = Defense against infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the roles of the skin coloration in bony fish?

<p>For defense and display (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does mucus benefit fish?

<p>Protection from bacterial invasion and infection, and assists in laminar flow of water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some fish have a skin thickness that ranges from 20 μm to 3 mm.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following regions has the greatest diversity of warm-water fish?

<p>Indo-West Pacific region (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold-water fish regions contain more diverse species than warm-water regions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one example of an intertidal fish and its adaptation.

<p>Mudskipper; it has adaptations to survive in tidal zones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freshwater habitats comprise only ______% of the world's aquatic habitat.

<p>0.0093</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of freshwater fishes with their description:

<p>Primary freshwater fishes = Evolved in freshwater with low seawater tolerance Secondary freshwater fishes = Ancestors entered from the sea Diadromous fishes = Migrate between fresh and salt waters Catadromous fishes = Migrate down rivers to the sea to spawn</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fish species are found in freshwater habitats?

<p>40% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two types of freshwater systems are lentic and ________ systems.

<p>lotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one characteristic of lentic systems.

<p>Thermal stratification</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of swimming involves strong contractions for escaping or capturing prey?

<p>Burst swimming (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All fish possess swim bladders for buoyancy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one advantage of using lipids for buoyancy in fish.

<p>Their lift varies little with depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The two types of swim bladders are __________ and __________.

<p>physostomous, physoclistous</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following swimming types with their descriptions:

<p>Labriform swimming = Primary propulsion from pectoral fins Rajiform swimming = Undulation of large pectoral fins Jet propulsion = Expulsion of water for movement Burst swimming = Rapid contractions for evasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fish primarily utilizes dynamic lift?

<p>Shark (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Static lift is generated by fins acting as lifting foils.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List one method by which fish can reduce their specific gravity.

<p>Reducing heavy tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vertebrate characteristics

Vertebrates possess a neural crest, enhanced cephalization, a vertebral column, a closed circulatory system, a distinct head, internal organs, and an endoskeleton.

Neural crest

A crucial embryonic structure that forms along the dorsal side of the embryo, giving rise to many vertebrate characteristics, including bones and cartilage.

Cephalization

The concentration of sense organs and nervous control in the head region, allowing increased complexity and function.

Vertebral column

The main support for the body axis, composed of vertebrae (bones or cartilage), allowing for large size, movement, and protection of the nerve cord.

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Intervertebral disks

Thin compression discs located between vertebrae, helping absorb shock and allowing flexibility in the spine.

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Vertebra structure

A vertebra typically consists of a centrum (body), neural arch (protecting the spinal cord), and hemal arch (protecting blood vessels).

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Endoskeleton

An internal skeleton that supports the body, including the vertebral column, cranium, and limb girdles.

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Craniates

Vertebrates with a cranium (skull) that encases or partially encases the brain.

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Hyostylic jaw suspension

A type of jaw attachment in modern fishes where the jaws are suspended from the skull by the hyomandibula.

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Cladoselache

An early shark known from fossils, characterized by a heterocercal tail and amphistylic jaw suspension.

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Heterocercal tail

A tail with an unequal upper and lower lobe, typically with the vertebral column extending into the upper lobe.

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Lobe-finned fishes

A type of bony fish with paired fins attached to short, fleshy appendages with internal bones and muscles.

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Ray-finned fishes

A type of bony fish with fins that have numerous slender endoskeletal elements as support.

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Coelacanth

The only surviving lobe-finned fish species, showing similarities to ancient lobe-finned fishes.

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Bottom clingers

Small fishes adapted to bottom habitats, often with flattened heads and large pectoral fins, for clinging to the bottom.

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Operculum

A plate-like covering protecting the gills in bony fishes, made up of four bones (opercle, preopercle, interopercle, and subopercle).

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Fish Skin Layers

Fish skin is composed of two main layers: the epidermis (outer layer) and the dermis (inner layer).

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Fish Skin Functions

Fish skin functions in holding the fish together, providing a barrier against abrasion, regulating water balance (osmoregulation), and aiding in respiration.

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Placoid Scales

These tooth-like scales are found in sharks and rays, and they don't grow larger but add new scales as the fish grows.

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Cosmoid Scales

Cosmoid scales are a type of fish scale found only in fossils, except in a simplified version in a few surviving species.

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Ganoid Scales

Ganoid scales are thick, heavy, and rhomboid-shaped scales found in primitive ray-finned fish.

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Fish Skin Structure (Cartilaginous)

Cartilaginous fish skin has a tough, flexible dermis with fibers angled for strength, and placoid scales (denticles).

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Dermal Bone Scales

Scales formed from dermal bone, evolved from solid armor and are now smaller.

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Camouflage in Cartilaginous Fish

Cartilaginous fish often have dark dorsal (top) surfaces and light ventral (bottom) surfaces, helping them hide from predators and prey.

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Warm-water fish regions

Four main regions for warm-water fish: Indo-West Pacific, Pacific American, West Indian, and West African.

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Freshwater fish types

Primary, secondary, and diadromous. Primary freshwater fishes evolved in freshwater with low salt tolerance; secondary entered from the sea; diadromous migrate between fresh and salt water.

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Diadromous fish

Fish that migrate between freshwater and saltwater environments.

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Catadromous fish

Diadromous fish that migrate down rivers to spawn in the sea.

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Anadromous fish

Diadromous fish that migrate up rivers from the sea to spawn in freshwater.

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Lentic systems

Still water, such as lakes, ponds, and impoundments.

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Lotic systems

Flowing water, such as streams and rivers.

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Ostariophysan fish success

Their success in freshwater is due to several contributing factors.

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Countershading in fish

A protective adaptation where the dark back blends with deeper water, and the pale underside camouflages against the lighter surface.

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Cryptic coloration

Fish blend into their surroundings using coloration that matches their environment.

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Photophores

Light-producing organs found in deep-water sharks and other fish.

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Fish skin structure

Fish skin consists of an outer epidermis, a dermis with blood vessels and nerves, and overlapping scales.

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Fish scales function

Fish scales provide protection from predators and infection, and permit flexibility.

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Fish skin coloration

Fish skin coloration varies for defense, warning, display, camouflage, and sex recognition.

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Fish mucus function

Fish mucus protects against infection/bacteria and aids in smooth water movement.

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Deepest fish

The deepest-living fish is Abyssobrotula galatheae, found in the Puerto Rican Trench.

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Oscillatory Swimming

Swimming technique using fin movements, like side-to-side tail wiggling (sharks) or fin flapping (rays).

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Burst Swimming

Quick, powerful bursts of speed for catching prey or escaping danger.

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Jet Propulsion

Swimming by expelling water forcefully from the mouth or gills, like a pufferfish.

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Labriform Swimming

Pectoral fins provide main propulsion, allowing for maneuverability in coral reefs. (Example: Parrotfish)

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Rajiform Swimming

Undulating waves of large pectoral fins, used for gliding and maneuvering. (Example: Rays)

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Dynamic Lift

Buoyancy achieved by fins acting like wings, requiring constant movement. (Example: Sharks, Tuna)

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Static Lift

Buoyancy attained by reducing the fish's density through various mechanisms.

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Swim Bladder

A gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy and adjust depth. Two types: Physostomous (connected to gut) and Physoclistous (no gut connection).

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Study Notes

Vertebrate Characteristics

  • Vertebrates are chordates, occupying diverse environments (marine, freshwater, terrestrial, aerial).
  • Key features include a neural crest, enhanced cephalization, vertebral column, closed circulatory system, differentiated head, and internal organs.
  • An endoskeleton supports the body.

Neural Crest and Cephalization

  • The neural crest, a crucial embryonic feature.
  • It forms the basis for bones and cartilage in the vertebrate body.
  • Increased cephalization (concentration of sensory organs and nervous control) is a significant evolutionary development.
  • The cranium is a skeletal component.

Vertebral Column

  • This column provides support and protection for the nerve cord.
  • Vertebrae (separate bones/cartilage blocks) are firmly joined to form a backbone (the main body axis).
  • Intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers between vertebrae.
  • Neural arch houses the spinal cord; hemal arch surrounds blood vessels.

Endoskeleton Structures

  • Includes the vertebral column, cranium, and limb girdles.
  • Internal skeleton enabling efficient locomotion, distinct from notochord in simpler chordates.
  • The cranium protects and encloses the brain.
  • Sensory organs in the head become more developed.

Closed Circulatory System

  • Blood remains within vessels.
  • This system differs from the open circulatory system of mollusks and arthropods (which circulate blood in a hemocoel).
  • The closed system pumps oxygenated blood efficiently, enabling fast metabolism and quick maneuvers.

Fish Integument

  • Consists of dermis and epidermis.
  • Dermal bones (plates of bone) are produced in the dermis along with collagen fibers (arranged into ordered plies in some fish).
  • Mucus secreted by epidermis protects from bacteria and aids smooth water flow.
  • Early vertebrates lacked jaws, but advanced vertebrates developed jaws from skeletal gill arch supports.
  • Jaw development opened up diverse ecological opportunities for marine vertebrate evolution.
  • Jaw suspension evolved from autostyly to amphistyly and then hyostyly in modern fishes.
  • Jaws, gill support, paired fins, and other unique adaptations are observed in the fossil record.

Fish Body Types

  • Sagittiform, taeniform, depressiform, fusiform, compressiform, anguilliform, and globiform are examples of body shapes with varying adaptations to different environments (e.g., deep ocean, shallow streams).
  • These shapes reflect different lifestyles, such as rover or ambush predators .

Fish Respiration & Circulation

  • The diverse respiratory strategies reflect adaptation to variations in oxygen levels within different habitats.
  • Fish use gills for gas exchange in water, while some evolved air-breathing capabilities.
  • Fish circulatory systems have adapted to oxygen absorption efficiency through features such as the heart, blood vessels, and hemoglobin.

Freshwater Habitats

  • Freshwater habitats, despite being a smaller portion of overall aquatic environments, support over 40% of fish species.
  • Diverse species face unique evolutionary pressures compared to their marine counterparts.
  • Adaptations for gas exchange, buoyancy, and salinity tolerance are essential in freshwater environments.

Fish Swimming

  • Muscles (e.g., myotomes) provide the power for fish swimming.
  • Different swimming adaptations are relevant for distinct fish lineages, including undulatory (e.g., eels, tunas) and oscillatory (e.g., skates, rays).
  • The use of specialized strategies (e.g., countercurrent exchange, swim bladder) directly influences how fish use energy to swim effectively depending on their lifestyle and the environment.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the key characteristics of vertebrates, including their structure, systems, and evolutionary adaptations. This quiz covers important concepts like the neural crest, vertebral column, and the significance of an endoskeleton. Dive into the fascinating world of vertebrates and enhance your understanding!

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