Vertebral Spine Movement
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Questions and Answers

What forms a passive segment in the vertical plane?

  • The intervertebral disc
  • The facet joints
  • The vertebra itself (correct)
  • The ligamentum flavum

    • What is responsible for the movements of the vertebral spine?

  • The ligamentum flavum
  • The mobile segment (correct)
  • The intervertebral disc
  • The facet joints

    • What is the function of the pedicles?

  • To act as a fulcrum
  • To form a passive segment
  • To form a mobile segment
  • To form a functional link between the anterior and posterior pillars (correct)

    • What is the role of the intervertebral disc in the vertebral motion segment?

    <p>To cushion axial compression forces passively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the degrees of freedom (DoF) in a joint?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of movement is possible at the interbody joints?

    <p>Gliming, distraction, compression, and rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the paravertebral muscles in the vertebral motion segment?

    <p>To cushion axial compression forces indirectly and actively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stress is the vertebral column subjected to during normal functional activities?

    <p>Axial compression, tension, bending, torsion, and shear stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the expression of fluid from the nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus?

    <p>Due to sustained compressive loading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of each vertebra?

    <p>Trabecular structure involving the body and the arch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the compressive forces are decreased?

    <p>The disk imbibes fluid back from the vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a person taller in the morning than in the evening?

    <p>Due to the disk imbibing fluid back from the vertebral body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stiffness of the vertebral column?

    <p>The column's ability to resist an applied load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the vertebral column's ability to resist loads?

    <p>The type, duration, and rate of loading, the person's age and posture, the condition and properties of the structural elements, and the integrity of the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During forward flexion, which structures are subjected to tension?

    <p>Anterior structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides stability in flexion?

    <p>Tensile forces by collagen fibers in the posterior outer anulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During extension, which structures are subjected to tension?

    <p>Anterior structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides resistance to extension?

    <p>Zygapophyseal joint capsules and anterior longitudinal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During lateral bending, which side of the disk is compressed?

    <p>Ipsilateral side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What helps to provide stability during lateral bending?

    <p>Outer fibers of the contralateral side of the disk and the contralateral intertransverse ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from prolonged forces with creep loading?

    <p>Increased compressive and bending forces on the neural arch and ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the load on the spine when there are prolonged compressive forces?

    <p>It shifts from the nucleus pulposus to the annulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the increased load on the annulus fibrosus?

    <p>Buckling or prolapse of the annulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of creep on the supporting structures?

    <p>It causes elongation of the structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of forces are created during axial rotation?

    <p>Torsional forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the highest torsional stiffness found?

    <p>At the thoracolumbar junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures provide torsional stiffness?

    <p>The outer layers of both the vertebral bodies and intervertebral disks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the annulus fibrosus fibers resist rotation?

    <p>Half the fibers resist clockwise, and the other half resist counterclockwise rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most effective structure in the lumbar region for resisting torsion?

    <p>The annulus fibrosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases the risk of rupture of the disk fibers?

    <p>Combination of torsion, heavy axial compression, and bending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the coupled motions?

    <p>Torsional forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Motion and Mobility Segment

    • The vertebral column consists of passive segments (bony and ligamentous structures) and active segments (mobility features).
    • The mobile segment includes intervertebral discs, intervertebral foramina, facet joints, ligamentum flavum, and interspinous ligaments.
    • Mobility of this active segment enables vertebral spine movements.
    • Functional link between anterior and posterior pillars is formed by pedicles.

    Structural Mechanics

    • Each vertebra has a trabecular structure forming a first-class lever where articular processes act as the fulcrum.
    • Axial compression forces are cushioned directly by intervertebral discs and indirectly by paravertebral muscles.
    • Overall cushioning effects combine both passive and active mechanisms.

    Available Movements

    • Interbody joints permit multiple movements:
      • Gliding: movements include anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and torsional.
      • Distraction and compression.
      • Rotation in anterior-posterior and lateral directions.
    • Mobility includes three translational movements and three angular movements, summing to six degrees of freedom (DoF).

    Stability of the Spine

    • The stiffness of the vertebral column relates to its capacity to resist loads like axial compression, tension, bending, torsion, and shear stress during various activities.
    • Resistance to these forces varies by spinal region and is influenced by loading type, duration, age, posture, and structural condition.

    Axial Compression Dynamics

    • Caused by gravity, ground reaction forces, and muscle contractions.
    • Sustained compressive loading leads to loss of fluid from the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
    • Fluid reabsorption occurs when compressive forces diminish, explaining height changes from morning to evening.

    Effects of Bending

    • Forward flexion results in anterior structures being tensioned while the posterior structures face compression.
    • Collagen fibers in the posterior anulus fibrosus play a role in providing flexibility and stability during motion.
    • In lateral bending, compression occurs on the ipsilateral disc side, while the contralateral side provides resistance against extreme motion.

    Prolonged Mechanical Forces

    • Prolonged compressive forces can shift loads from the nucleus pulposus to the annulus fibrosus, risking buckling or prolapse.
    • Creep leads to elongation of spinal structures, diminishing stability and increasing injury risk.

    Torsion and Its Effects

    • Torsional forces arise during axial rotation and are highest at the thoracolumbar junction.
    • Torsion resistance is mainly provided by the outer layers of vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, and facet joint orientations.
    • The lumbar region plays a crucial role in resisting torsion but is at heightened risk when combined with heavy axial compression and bending forces.

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    Description

    Learn about the mobile and passive segments in the vertical plane of the vertebral spine, including bony and ligamentous structures, intervertebral discs, and facet joints. Understand the mobility of the active segment and its role in spinal movements.

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