Vertebrae Joints and Intervertebral Discs

A tough, fibrous ring that surrounds the nucleus pulposus, composed of concentric layers of collagen fibers.

The central, gelatinous portion of the intervertebral disc, primarily made of water, collagen, and proteoglycans.

A ligament located on the anterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, restricting excessive spinal extension.

The intervertebral disc's ability to resist compression forces due to its unique structure.

Joints connecting the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae, allowing for gliding movements.

The protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the anulus fibrosus, potentially compressing nearby nerves.

The part of the intervertebral disc that can extrude in a herniation, causing nerve compression.

A ligament located on the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies, connecting to the intervertebral disc and endplates.

The range of motion (flexibility) of the intervertebral disc increases as you move down the spine.

A strong ligament connecting the posterior aspect of the atlas (C1) to the axis (C2) and extending down to the sacrum.

Ligaments connecting the atlas (C1) to the odontoid process of the axis (C2) limiting atlas rotation.

The joint between the head of a rib and the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae.

An opening between the transverse process and the vertebral body, providing a pathway for nerves and vessels.

A ligament connecting the tubercle of a rib (bony protrusion) to its corresponding vertebra.

Joints located at the junction of the ribs and their associated costal cartilages.

A strong ligament connecting the sternum to the costal cartilages of ribs VII to X.

The uppermost section of the sternum, connecting to the clavicles and first ribs.

The type of joint found between ribs VII to XI, allowing for gliding movements.