Verbs and Suffixes in English

### Verbs Followed by Infinitives

• Infinitives are formed by adding "to" before a verb.
• Verbs that are followed by infinitives include:
  • agree
  • decide
  • deserve
  • expect
  • hope
  • learn
  • need
  • offer
  • plan
  • promise
  • seem
  • wait
  • want

Verbs Followed by Gerunds

• Gerunds are formed by adding "-ing" to a verb and act as nouns.
• Verbs that are followed by gerunds include:
  • admit
  • advise
  • avoid
  • consider
  • deny
  • enjoy
  • finish
  • involve
  • mention
  • recommend
  • risk
  • suggest

### Suffix "-ist"

• The suffix "-ist" is often used to denote a profession or an expert in a particular field.
• For example, "artist" or "scientist"

The Universe

• Galaxies are collections of nebulae and millions of stars.
• Our galaxy is called The Milky Way.
• Nebulae are huge clouds of gas and dust.
• Stars are large, hot balls of gas.

Other Celestial Bodies

• Planets are large, spherical objects that can be rocky or gaseous.
• Dwarf planets are spherical but smaller than planets.
• Satellites revolve around planets. The Earth's satellite is The Moon.
• Asteroids are rocky objects traveling through space or orbiting stars or planets.
• Meteorites are asteroids that collide with planets or satellites.
• Shooting stars are small meteorites that disintegrate in Earth's atmosphere.
• Comets are balls of dust and ice with steam tails. Halley's Comet is a famous example.

The Solar System

• A solar system consists of a star and the celestial bodies revolving around it.
• The Sun is our solar system's star, producing a lot of energy, light, and heat.
• The Sun is medium in size.

The Planets

• There are eight planets in our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
• Jupiter and Saturn have more than sixty satellites each, varying in size and orbit.
• The Earth has one satellite: The Moon.
• Orbits are the paths celestial bodies take around planets.
• Dwarf planets revolve around the Sun, past Neptune's orbit.
• Pluto is a well-known dwarf planet.

The Layers of the Earth

• The Earth is a rocky, spherical body, slightly flat at the poles.
• It has three main parts: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the geosphere.
• The atmosphere is the layer of air surrounding the Earth.
• The hydrosphere encompasses all the water on Earth, covering approximately 70% of the surface.
• The geosphere is the solid, rocky part of the Earth, composed of three layers:
  • The crust forms the continents and seabed.
  • The mantle lies between the crust and core, composed of very hot rocks.
  • The core is the center of the Earth, made up of metal.

The Moon

• The Moon is Earth's only satellite.
• It rotates on its axis while revolving around the Earth, taking 29 and a half days for a full rotation.
• The Moon is rocky and spherical, lacking an atmosphere or hydrosphere.
• Craters on the Moon are formed by meteorite collisions.
• The Moon does not produce light; it reflects light from the Sun.
• The phases of the Moon refer to how we see it from Earth, appearing larger or smaller depending on its position.
• Tides are the rise and fall of sea level, caused by the Moon's gravitational pull on Earth's water.

Solar Eclipses

• A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon moves between the Sun and the Earth, blocking part of the Sun's light and causing the sky to darken.

How the Earth Moves

• The Earth revolves around the Sun, taking 365 days and 6 hours for one complete revolution, which is one year.
• The Earth rotates on its axis, completing one rotation in 24 hours, which is one day.
• The Earth's rotation causes day and night.

The Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere

• The Sun's rays strike the Northern Hemisphere at different angles throughout the year due to the Earth's position during its revolution.
• The difference in angle causes changes in temperature and daylight hours, resulting in the four seasons:
  • Summer: June 21st - September 23rd, longer days and hotter temperatures.
  • Autumn: September 23rd - December 21st, same length days and nights, and mild temperatures.
  • Winter: December 21st - March 20th, longer nights and colder temperatures.
  • Spring: March 20th - June 21st, same length days and nights, and mild temperatures.