Verb Tenses in English Grammar

Present Tense: used to describe actions that are happening now
- Simple present: base form of the verb (e.g. I go)
- Present continuous: verb + -ing (e.g. I am going)
- Present perfect: has/have + past participle (e.g. I have gone)
Past Tense: used to describe completed actions
- Simple past: verb + -ed (e.g. I went)
- Past continuous: was/were + verb + -ing (e.g. I was going)
- Past perfect: had + past participle (e.g. I had gone)
Future Tense: used to describe actions that will happen
- Simple future: will + base form of the verb (e.g. I will go)
- Future continuous: will be + verb + -ing (e.g. I will be going)
- Future perfect: will have + past participle (e.g. I will have gone)

Clauses: a group of words with a subject and a predicate
- Independent clause: can stand alone as a sentence
- Dependent clause: cannot stand alone as a sentence
Sentence types:
- Simple sentence: one independent clause
- Compound sentence: two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
- Complex sentence: an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- Compound-complex sentence: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Personal pronouns: replace nouns referring to people or animals
- Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
- Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession
- My, your, his, her, its, our, their
Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject
- Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves

Action verbs: describe an action or state
- Transitive verbs: take an object (e.g. I eat an apple)
- Intransitive verbs: do not take an object (e.g. I sleep)
Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information
- Be verbs: am, is, are, was, were
- Sense verbs: seem, appear, feel
Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb
- Will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must

Present Tense describes current actions or states.
- Simple Present uses the base verb (e.g., I go).
- Present Continuous combines a form of "to be" with the verb ending in -ing (e.g., I am going).
- Present Perfect uses "has" or "have" followed by a past participle (e.g., I have gone).
Past Tense indicates completed actions.
- Simple Past typically adds -ed to regular verbs (e.g., I went).
- Past Continuous uses "was" or "were" plus the verb ending in -ing (e.g., I was going).
- Past Perfect employs "had" with a past participle (e.g., I had gone).
Future Tense expresses actions that will occur.
- Simple Future is formed with "will" followed by the base verb (e.g., I will go).
- Future Continuous utilizes "will be" plus the verb ending in -ing (e.g., I will be going).
- Future Perfect includes "will have" with a past participle (e.g., I will have gone).

Clauses are word groups containing a subject and predicate.
- Independent Clauses can stand alone as complete sentences.
- Dependent Clauses require an independent clause and cannot stand alone.
Types of sentences include:
- Simple Sentence consists of one independent clause.
- Compound Sentence features two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions.
- Complex Sentence contains one independent and one or more dependent clauses.
- Compound-Complex Sentence has multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

Personal Pronouns replace nouns referring to individuals or animals.
- Subject Pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
- Object Pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
Possessive Pronouns indicate ownership.
- Examples are my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
Reflexive Pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence.
- Examples include myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.

Action Verbs convey an action or a state of being.
- Transitive Verbs require an object to complete their meaning (e.g., I eat an apple).
- Intransitive Verbs do not require an object (e.g., I sleep).
Linking Verbs connect the subject to more information.
- "Be" Verbs include am, is, are, was, were.
- Sense Verbs convey perception (e.g., seem, appear, feel).
Helping Verbs assist in forming tenses, moods, or voice of main verbs.
- Examples are will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must.