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Questions and Answers
What defines acute respiratory failure in relation to arterial blood gases?
What defines acute respiratory failure in relation to arterial blood gases?
- PaO2 greater than 50 mmHg
- PaCO2 less than 50 mmHg
- PaO2 less than 50 mmHg and PaCO2 greater than 50 mmHg and arterial pH less than 7.35 (correct)
- Arterial pH greater than 7.35
Which condition can lead to decreased respiratory drive?
Which condition can lead to decreased respiratory drive?
- Pleural effusion
- Cerebral hemorrhage (correct)
- Chronic bronchitis
- Pulmonary embolism
Which assessment finding is indicative of acute respiratory failure?
Which assessment finding is indicative of acute respiratory failure?
- Restlessness (correct)
- Increased urine output
- Hypotension
- Bradycardia
What is the most significant risk factor for developing COPD?
What is the most significant risk factor for developing COPD?
In the treatment of acute respiratory failure, which intervention is NOT typically included?
In the treatment of acute respiratory failure, which intervention is NOT typically included?
What condition could cause dysfunction of the lung parenchyma affecting ventilation?
What condition could cause dysfunction of the lung parenchyma affecting ventilation?
Which nursing intervention is essential for a patient with acute respiratory failure?
Which nursing intervention is essential for a patient with acute respiratory failure?
What type of disorders falls under the category of COPD?
What type of disorders falls under the category of COPD?
What is the primary cause of bronchiectasis?
What is the primary cause of bronchiectasis?
What is a common symptom of bronchiectasis?
What is a common symptom of bronchiectasis?
Which dietary recommendation helps limit carbon dioxide production in COPD management?
Which dietary recommendation helps limit carbon dioxide production in COPD management?
Which type of pharmacotherapy is primarily characterized by its anti-inflammatory effect?
Which type of pharmacotherapy is primarily characterized by its anti-inflammatory effect?
What defines a tension pneumothorax?
What defines a tension pneumothorax?
Why should a high concentration of oxygen not be administered in COPD management?
Why should a high concentration of oxygen not be administered in COPD management?
What assessment finding is characteristic of pneumothorax?
What assessment finding is characteristic of pneumothorax?
What technique is used for bronchial hygiene measures?
What technique is used for bronchial hygiene measures?
What is the recommended position to promote maximum lung expansion for patients experiencing dyspnea?
What is the recommended position to promote maximum lung expansion for patients experiencing dyspnea?
What condition is described when some alveolar regions are well ventilated but poorly perfused?
What condition is described when some alveolar regions are well ventilated but poorly perfused?
What symptom is characterized by the expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract?
What symptom is characterized by the expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract?
Which test measures gas pressures and pH of an arterial sample to evaluate lung gas exchange?
Which test measures gas pressures and pH of an arterial sample to evaluate lung gas exchange?
What is the normal range for PaCO2 in an arterial blood gas analysis?
What is the normal range for PaCO2 in an arterial blood gas analysis?
What type of cyanosis indicates low oxygenation levels seen in the core areas of the body, such as the tongue and lips?
What type of cyanosis indicates low oxygenation levels seen in the core areas of the body, such as the tongue and lips?
What is the main purpose of sputum analysis?
What is the main purpose of sputum analysis?
Which color and consistency of sputum would most likely indicate a bacterial pneumonia infection?
Which color and consistency of sputum would most likely indicate a bacterial pneumonia infection?
What immediate nursing intervention should be taken for a patient initially presenting with epistaxis?
What immediate nursing intervention should be taken for a patient initially presenting with epistaxis?
In which position should a patient be placed for a bronchoscopy procedure?
In which position should a patient be placed for a bronchoscopy procedure?
Which nursing intervention is crucial when managing cyanosis in a patient?
Which nursing intervention is crucial when managing cyanosis in a patient?
What is a vital pre-test consideration for pulmonary function tests?
What is a vital pre-test consideration for pulmonary function tests?
Which condition is indicated by profuse, pink, frothy sputum production?
Which condition is indicated by profuse, pink, frothy sputum production?
Which of the following would NOT be a primary goal for a client with oxygenation problems?
Which of the following would NOT be a primary goal for a client with oxygenation problems?
What is a common cause of hemoptysis?
What is a common cause of hemoptysis?
What is the recommended position for a patient after thoracentesis to allow lung expansion?
What is the recommended position for a patient after thoracentesis to allow lung expansion?
What non-invasive method is used to continuously monitor hemoglobin oxygen saturation?
What non-invasive method is used to continuously monitor hemoglobin oxygen saturation?
Dry cough and deep breathing exercises primarily assist in what aspect of respiratory care?
Dry cough and deep breathing exercises primarily assist in what aspect of respiratory care?
What is the most common organism responsible for tonsillitis?
What is the most common organism responsible for tonsillitis?
Which assessment finding is NOT typically associated with pharyngitis?
Which assessment finding is NOT typically associated with pharyngitis?
Which nursing intervention is essential for promoting comfort in a patient with tonsillitis?
Which nursing intervention is essential for promoting comfort in a patient with tonsillitis?
What should be done post-operatively after a tonsillectomy to aid recovery?
What should be done post-operatively after a tonsillectomy to aid recovery?
What is a typical laboratory test used for diagnosing upper airway infections?
What is a typical laboratory test used for diagnosing upper airway infections?
Which of the following is an inappropriate action when managing a patient with pharyngitis?
Which of the following is an inappropriate action when managing a patient with pharyngitis?
Which symptom is most likely associated with severe cases of tonsillitis?
Which symptom is most likely associated with severe cases of tonsillitis?
What action should a nurse take if a patient swallows frequently post-tonsillectomy?
What action should a nurse take if a patient swallows frequently post-tonsillectomy?
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Study Notes
Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch
- Dead space: well-ventilated but poorly perfused alveolar regions.
- Shunting: well-perfused but poorly ventilated regions.
Laboratory Examination
- Types include ABG analysis, sputum analysis, direct visualization (bronchoscopy), indirect visualization (CXR, CT, MRI), and pulmonary function tests.
ABG Analysis
- Evaluates gas exchange in lungs by measuring gas pressures and pH of arterial blood.
- Normal values:
- PaO2: 80-100 mmHg
- PaCO2: 35-45 mmHg
- pH: 7.35-7.45
- HCO3: 22-26 mEq/L
- O2 saturation: 98-100%
- Pre-test: obtain a proper site and ready equipment.
- Intra-test: collect 5 mL of arterial blood from brachial, femoral, or radial arteries.
- Post-test: apply pressure for 5 mins, label, and ice the specimen.
Sputum Analysis
- Tests sputum for respiratory disease diagnosis, organism identification, and abnormal cells.
- Pre-test: encourage increased fluid intake.
- Intra-test: rinse mouth, take deep breaths, and ensure early morning sample.
- Post-test: provide oral hygiene and label specimens correctly.
Pulse Oximetry
- Non-invasive method for continuous monitoring of hemoglobin oxygen saturation.
- Used sensors on earlobe, forehead, fingertip, or nose bridge.
Bronchoscopy
- Direct inspection of trachea and bronchi via a flexible or rigid bronchoscope.
- Used for locating lesions, removing foreign objects, and tissue specimen collection.
- Pre-test: patient consent and NPO for 6 hours.
- Intra-test: sedate the patient and ensure they are positioned correctly.
- Post-test: NPO until gag reflex returns and monitor for hoarseness and complications.
Thoracentesis
- Aspiration of pleural fluid for analysis and relieving lung compression.
- Pre-test: obtain consent.
- Intra-test: position the patient appropriately and instruct not to move.
- Post-test: position for lung expansion, perform CXR, and monitor respiratory status.
Pulmonary Function Tests
- Assesses lung volume, capacity, and ventilatory function.
- Distinguishes between obstructive and restrictive diseases.
- Pre-test: educate patients and limit smoking and food intake before tests.
Common Respiratory Problems
- Dyspnea: difficulty in breathing, linked to conditions like CHF and muscular dystrophies.
- Coughing: protective reflex indicating various pulmonary conditions, including infections and tumors.
- Cyanosis: a late sign of hypoxia, need to check for airway patency and provide oxygen therapy.
Hemoptysis
- Coughing up blood, often due to infections or lung cancer.
- Requires airway management and possibly administering fibrin stabilizers.
Epistaxis
- Nosebleeds due to ruptured vessels, common at the anterior septum.
- Causes include trauma, hypertension, and infections.
- Interventions include positioning and direct pressure application.
Upper Airway Infections
- Common conditions include pharyngitis and tonsillitis, characterized by sore throat and fever.
- Key pathogens include Group A β-hemolytic streptococcus.
- Management involves antibiotics and hydration.
Respiratory Failure
- A critical condition marked by inadequate gas exchange, defined clinically by specific ABG values.
- Common causes include CNS depression and thoracic abnormalities.
- Symptoms include restlessness, cyanosis, and altered mental status.
- Treatment may involve intubation and oxygen therapy.
COPD
- Characterized by persistent air passage obstruction; primary cause is cigarette smoking.
- Management includes rest, increased fluid intake, and low carbohydrate diet strategies.
Bronchiectasis
- Normal bronchi dilation due to infection or congenital defects.
- Symptoms encompass chronic cough and dyspnea.
- Management focuses on hydration and maintaining airway clearance.
Pneumothorax
- Accumulation of air/fluid in pleural space leading to lung collapse.
- Types include spontaneous, open, and tension pneumothorax, each requiring distinctive interventions and assessments.
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