L4 Ventilation Perfusion Matching and Dead Space in Medical Physiology
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of anatomical dead space?

  • Volume of air in the conducting zone where gas exchange does not occur (correct)
  • Volume of air involved in alveolar ventilation
  • Volume of air in the lungs where gas exchange occurs
  • Volume of air in the alveoli with poor blood supply

    • Which type of dead space is a combination of anatomical and alveolar dead space?

  • Physiological dead space (correct)
  • Ventilatory dead space
  • Alveolar dead space
  • Anatomical dead space

    • What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on dead space?

  • Transforms anatomical dead space to alveolar dead space
  • Decreases dead space volume
  • No effect on dead space
  • Increases dead space volume (correct)

    • What is the relationship between anatomical and physiological dead space under normal conditions?

    <p>Anatomical dead space is equivalent to physiological dead space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor leads to a decrease in the volume of dead space?

    <p>Parasympathetic stimulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does physiological dead space encompass?

    <p>Anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space combined (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the upper respiratory tract?

    <p>To filter and warm the inspired air (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation is the volume of air breathed in and out per minute, while alveolar ventilation is the volume of air reaching the alveoli per minute (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor affects alveolar ventilation the most?

    <p>Dead space volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of shallow rapid breathing, what happens to pulmonary ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation remains normal while alveolar ventilation decreases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of alveolar ventilation?

    <p>To facilitate gas exchange in the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating alveolar ventilation?

    <p>Tidal volume - Dead space x Respiratory rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between perfusion and V̇/Q̇ ratio at the base of the lungs?

    <p>Perfusion is higher, and V̇/Q̇ ratio is lower (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of dead space is defined by the sum of anatomical and alveolar dead spaces?

    <p>Total dead space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do ventilation and V̇/Q̇ ratio change from apex to base of the lungs?

    <p>Ventilation is higher at the base, V̇/Q̇ ratio is lower at the apex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of impaired perfusion on the V/Q matching in the lungs?

    <p>Increased V/Q mismatching (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Differentiate between physiological and anatomical dead space.

    <p>Physiological dead space includes conducting airways (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of impaired ventilation, what happens to the V/Q matching in the lungs?

    <p>Increased V/Q mismatching (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the standing position, which zone of the lung experiences no blood flow?

    <p>Zone 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which zone does blood flow occur only during systolic blood pressure?

    <p>Zone 2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which zone experiences continuous blood flow throughout the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Zone 3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to the appearance of Zone 1 in the lungs?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the alveolar ventilation (VA) is 4 L/min and the cardiac output (Q) is 5 L/min, what is the ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q)?

    <p>0.8 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the standing position, where is the ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q) higher?

    <p>At the apex of the lung (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would the ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) ratio be the highest?

    <p>Partial mucus plugging of a bronchiole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is most likely to cause a low ventilation/perfusion (V̇/Q̇) ratio?

    <p>Severe right heart failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lung conditions is likely to result in decreased gas exchange due to high ventilation and a V̇/Q̇ ratio greater than average?

    <p>Destruction of pulmonary capillaries by emphysema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A scenario with severe left heart failure is most likely to result in which of the following pulmonary abnormalities?

    <p>High V̇/Q̇ ratio (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition would cause a V/Q ratio closest to 1, representing almost perfect matching of ventilation and perfusion?

    <p>Pulmonary embolus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does emphysema have on the ventilation/perfusion (V̇/Q̇) ratio?

    <p>Increases both ventilation and perfusion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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