Ventilation and Acid-Base Disturbances Quiz

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What is the key point regarding the method of oxygen supplementation?

Minimizing patient stress is the most important factor

The method should only be selected based on patient's weight

The method should provide the highest fraction of inspired oxygen (correct)

The method should provide the lowest fraction of inspired oxygen

Why is rapid identification of respiratory distress important?

To prevent patient fatigue

To avoid unnecessary diagnostic tests

To initiate appropriate management in a timely manner (correct)

To reduce patient stress

What role does the emergency clinician need to play?

To only understand general respiratory physiology

To understand pathophysiology and management techniques related to common respiratory diseases (correct)

To manage common respiratory diseases without understanding pathophysiology

To focus on timely diagnosis without understanding pathophysiology

What is the initial presentation spectrum of respiratory distress?

Varied, with some patients presenting with a mild cough and others in fulminant respiratory distress Signup and view all the answers

What is the vital role of rapid identification of respiratory distress?

To initiate stabilization efforts and subsequent diagnostics performed Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ability to localize upper versus lower respiratory tract dysfunction important?

In order to initiate appropriate management in a timely manner Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem in patients who do not respond to oxygen?

Ventilation Signup and view all the answers

In patients with metabolic acidosis, what compensatory mechanism may develop to normalize systemic pH?

Hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a decrease in oxyhemoglobin content, adversely affecting the ability of oxygen to carry and deliver oxygen?

Anemia Signup and view all the answers

What medication may cause central respiratory depression in small animal patients?

Fentanyl Signup and view all the answers

What should be provided immediately upon triage for patients presenting in respiratory distress?

Oxygen therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the mean fraction of inspired oxygen achieved with unilateral nasal catheter for oxygen supplementation?

$30-50%$ Signup and view all the answers

Which method of oxygen supplementation achieves the highest mean fraction of inspired oxygen?

Hyperbaric oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What may lead the clinician to consider laryngeal paralysis with secondary aspiration pneumonia in an older dog with a history of voice change?

$\text{Voice change}$ Signup and view all the answers

What can limit expansion of the thoracic wall, leading to shallow breathing and hypoventilation?

$\text{Pain}$ Signup and view all the answers

What should be asked about depending on the region, to help rule in or out other infectious causes of respiratory illness?

Travel history Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is used for induction of anesthesia in small animal patients and frequently causes respiratory depression or apnea?

Propofol Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem in patients who do not respond to oxygen?

Ventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air?

Upper airways Signup and view all the answers

Gas exchange occurs at the level of the alveoli in which part of the respiratory system?

Pulmonary parenchyma Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is equipped with several built-in defenses against invading pathogens, including nasal hairs, turbinates, and alveolar macrophages?

Upper airways Signup and view all the answers

Hypoxemia is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) less than how many mm Hg?

80 mm Hg Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia in clinical practice?

Ventilation-perfusion (V/ Q) mismatch Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory diseases can be localized to specific regions of the respiratory system. What helps clinicians to identify the affected region?

Breathing sounds Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for a restrictive breathing pattern and decreased heart and lung sounds on auscultation?

Pleural space Signup and view all the answers

Patients with upper airway disease commonly produce which type of breathing noise?

Stertor Signup and view all the answers

Which disease produces variable thoracic auscultation and may have an impact on both inspiration and exhalation?

Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

'Flail chest' is associated with which part of the respiratory system?

'Thoracic wall' Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the respiratory system is associated with 'paradoxic breathing pattern'?

'Thoracic wall' Signup and view all the answers

What is the main respiratory stimulus in animals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Oxygen Signup and view all the answers

What is the key component of emergency stabilization of a patient with respiratory distress?

Obtaining vascular access Signup and view all the answers

What are the commonly used routes for placing a peripheral IV catheter?

Cephalic, accessory cephalic, or lateral saphenous vein Signup and view all the answers

Which drug may cause hypotension when administered to patients in an emergency setting?

Aminophylline Signup and view all the answers

What is the disadvantage of butorphanol and acepromazine?

They have no direct reversal agents Signup and view all the answers

Which drug may cause respiratory depression when administered to patients in an emergency setting?

Diazepam Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of aminophylline on bronchial smooth muscle?

Relaxation Signup and view all the answers

In which patients can injectable glucocorticoids be a valuable tool?

Patients with upper airway obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the route of administration for dexamethasone sodium phosphate?

IV, IM, or SQ Signup and view all the answers

What effect do long-acting steroids have that makes them not recommended in the acute setting?

Mineralocorticoid effects leading to acute plasma volume expansion Signup and view all the answers

What should clinicians establish before administering glucocorticoids to a patient?

Recent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories Signup and view all the answers

What should be considered if congestive heart failure is suspected or not able to be completely ruled out in a patient?

Injectable furosemide Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common underlying disease causing dynamic obstructions in dogs?

Laryngeal paralysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common lower airway disease seen in cats?

Feline asthma Signup and view all the answers

What disease can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats?

Head trauma Signup and view all the answers

What is a potentially life-threatening condition involving an obstruction of a pulmonary vessel by a thrombus?

Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) Signup and view all the answers

Which disease process can lead to fluid accumulation in the pleural space?

Right-sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which condition can cause a rapid, shallow restrictive breathing pattern in patients?

Pleural effusion Signup and view all the answers

What type of pneumonia can occur due to head trauma or prolonged seizures?

Aspiration pneumonia Signup and view all the answers

What condition should be suspected in patients presenting with respiratory distress, pulmonary crackles, and a concurrent heart murmur?

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

Which disease can lead to decreased lung sounds ventrally on auscultation?

Pyothorax Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to hypoventilation due to decreased outward movements of the thoracic wall during inspiration?

Congenital malformation of the thoracic wall Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common type of lower airway disease seen in dogs?

Chronic bronchitis Signup and view all the answers

What should be suspected in dogs presenting with hemothorax?

Pericardial effusion and pulmonary hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with the use of oxygen hoods?

Accumulation of CO2 and condensation Signup and view all the answers

Which oxygen therapy method is described as noninvasive and able to deliver heated and humidified oxygen at concentrations up to 100% with high flow rates?

High-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of using an oxygen cage for oxygen supplementation?

Loss of oxygen concentration when the door is opened Signup and view all the answers

How is nasal oxygen different from an oxygen hood and an oxygen cage?

It provides a more invasive modality of oxygen therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy involves the delivery of 100% oxygen that is pressurized to a value above atmospheric pressure?

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Signup and view all the answers

What complication can result from prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations?

Oxygen toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What method has been shown to achieve an oxygen concentration of 70% within 90 seconds?

Oxygen hoods Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of nasal prongs for oxygen supplementation?

Inability to fit every patient Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential benefit of high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) for hypoxemic patients?

Positive end-expiratory pressure/continuous positive airway pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of hyperbaric oxygen therapy?

To allow more oxygen to be available for diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations?

Oxygen toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using an E-collar for making an oxygen hood?

Secures the oxygen tube to the inner aspect of the collar Signup and view all the answers

Ventilation and Acid-Base Disturbances Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the key point regarding the method of oxygen supplementation?

Why is rapid identification of respiratory distress important?

What role does the emergency clinician need to play?

What is the initial presentation spectrum of respiratory distress?

What is the vital role of rapid identification of respiratory distress?

Why is the ability to localize upper versus lower respiratory tract dysfunction important?

What is the primary problem in patients who do not respond to oxygen?

In patients with metabolic acidosis, what compensatory mechanism may develop to normalize systemic pH?

What can cause a decrease in oxyhemoglobin content, adversely affecting the ability of oxygen to carry and deliver oxygen?

What medication may cause central respiratory depression in small animal patients?

What should be provided immediately upon triage for patients presenting in respiratory distress?

What is the mean fraction of inspired oxygen achieved with unilateral nasal catheter for oxygen supplementation?

Which method of oxygen supplementation achieves the highest mean fraction of inspired oxygen?

What may lead the clinician to consider laryngeal paralysis with secondary aspiration pneumonia in an older dog with a history of voice change?

What can limit expansion of the thoracic wall, leading to shallow breathing and hypoventilation?

What should be asked about depending on the region, to help rule in or out other infectious causes of respiratory illness?

Which medication is used for induction of anesthesia in small animal patients and frequently causes respiratory depression or apnea?

What is the primary problem in patients who do not respond to oxygen?

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air?

Gas exchange occurs at the level of the alveoli in which part of the respiratory system?

Which of the following is equipped with several built-in defenses against invading pathogens, including nasal hairs, turbinates, and alveolar macrophages?

Hypoxemia is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) less than how many mm Hg?

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia in clinical practice?

Respiratory diseases can be localized to specific regions of the respiratory system. What helps clinicians to identify the affected region?

Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for a restrictive breathing pattern and decreased heart and lung sounds on auscultation?

Patients with upper airway disease commonly produce which type of breathing noise?

Which disease produces variable thoracic auscultation and may have an impact on both inspiration and exhalation?

'Flail chest' is associated with which part of the respiratory system?

Which part of the respiratory system is associated with 'paradoxic breathing pattern'?

What is the main respiratory stimulus in animals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

What is the key component of emergency stabilization of a patient with respiratory distress?

What are the commonly used routes for placing a peripheral IV catheter?

Which drug may cause hypotension when administered to patients in an emergency setting?

What is the disadvantage of butorphanol and acepromazine?

Which drug may cause respiratory depression when administered to patients in an emergency setting?

What is the effect of aminophylline on bronchial smooth muscle?

In which patients can injectable glucocorticoids be a valuable tool?

What is the route of administration for dexamethasone sodium phosphate?

What effect do long-acting steroids have that makes them not recommended in the acute setting?

What should clinicians establish before administering glucocorticoids to a patient?

What should be considered if congestive heart failure is suspected or not able to be completely ruled out in a patient?

What is the most common underlying disease causing dynamic obstructions in dogs?

What is the most common lower airway disease seen in cats?

What disease can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats?

What is a potentially life-threatening condition involving an obstruction of a pulmonary vessel by a thrombus?

Which disease process can lead to fluid accumulation in the pleural space?

Which condition can cause a rapid, shallow restrictive breathing pattern in patients?

What type of pneumonia can occur due to head trauma or prolonged seizures?

What condition should be suspected in patients presenting with respiratory distress, pulmonary crackles, and a concurrent heart murmur?

Which disease can lead to decreased lung sounds ventrally on auscultation?

What condition can lead to hypoventilation due to decreased outward movements of the thoracic wall during inspiration?

What is the most common type of lower airway disease seen in dogs?

What should be suspected in dogs presenting with hemothorax?

What is a potential risk associated with the use of oxygen hoods?

Which oxygen therapy method is described as noninvasive and able to deliver heated and humidified oxygen at concentrations up to 100% with high flow rates?

What is a limitation of using an oxygen cage for oxygen supplementation?

How is nasal oxygen different from an oxygen hood and an oxygen cage?

Which therapy involves the delivery of 100% oxygen that is pressurized to a value above atmospheric pressure?

What complication can result from prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations?

What method has been shown to achieve an oxygen concentration of 70% within 90 seconds?

What is a potential limitation of nasal prongs for oxygen supplementation?

What is a potential benefit of high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) for hypoxemic patients?

What is the main purpose of hyperbaric oxygen therapy?

What is a potential risk associated with prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations?

What is an advantage of using an E-collar for making an oxygen hood?

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