Ventilation and Acid-Base Disturbances Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the key point regarding the method of oxygen supplementation?

  • Minimizing patient stress is the most important factor
  • The method should only be selected based on patient's weight
  • The method should provide the highest fraction of inspired oxygen (correct)
  • The method should provide the lowest fraction of inspired oxygen

    • Why is rapid identification of respiratory distress important?

  • To prevent patient fatigue
  • To avoid unnecessary diagnostic tests
  • To initiate appropriate management in a timely manner (correct)
  • To reduce patient stress

    • What role does the emergency clinician need to play?

  • To only understand general respiratory physiology
  • To understand pathophysiology and management techniques related to common respiratory diseases (correct)
  • To manage common respiratory diseases without understanding pathophysiology
  • To focus on timely diagnosis without understanding pathophysiology

    • What is the initial presentation spectrum of respiratory distress?

    <p>Varied, with some patients presenting with a mild cough and others in fulminant respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the vital role of rapid identification of respiratory distress?

    <p>To initiate stabilization efforts and subsequent diagnostics performed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the ability to localize upper versus lower respiratory tract dysfunction important?

    <p>In order to initiate appropriate management in a timely manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem in patients who do not respond to oxygen?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In patients with metabolic acidosis, what compensatory mechanism may develop to normalize systemic pH?

    <p>Hyperventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cause a decrease in oxyhemoglobin content, adversely affecting the ability of oxygen to carry and deliver oxygen?

    <p>Anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What medication may cause central respiratory depression in small animal patients?

    <p>Fentanyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be provided immediately upon triage for patients presenting in respiratory distress?

    <p>Oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean fraction of inspired oxygen achieved with unilateral nasal catheter for oxygen supplementation?

    <p>$30-50%$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of oxygen supplementation achieves the highest mean fraction of inspired oxygen?

    <p>Hyperbaric oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may lead the clinician to consider laryngeal paralysis with secondary aspiration pneumonia in an older dog with a history of voice change?

    <p>$\text{Voice change}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can limit expansion of the thoracic wall, leading to shallow breathing and hypoventilation?

    <p>$\text{Pain}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be asked about depending on the region, to help rule in or out other infectious causes of respiratory illness?

    <p>Travel history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which medication is used for induction of anesthesia in small animal patients and frequently causes respiratory depression or apnea?

    <p>Propofol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem in patients who do not respond to oxygen?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for filtering, warming, and humidifying the air?

    <p>Upper airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas exchange occurs at the level of the alveoli in which part of the respiratory system?

    <p>Pulmonary parenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is equipped with several built-in defenses against invading pathogens, including nasal hairs, turbinates, and alveolar macrophages?

    <p>Upper airways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoxemia is defined as a partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) less than how many mm Hg?

    <p>80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hypoxemia in clinical practice?

    <p>Ventilation-perfusion (V/ Q) mismatch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Respiratory diseases can be localized to specific regions of the respiratory system. What helps clinicians to identify the affected region?

    <p>Breathing sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is responsible for a restrictive breathing pattern and decreased heart and lung sounds on auscultation?

    <p>Pleural space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Patients with upper airway disease commonly produce which type of breathing noise?

    <p>Stertor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease produces variable thoracic auscultation and may have an impact on both inspiration and exhalation?

    <p>Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Flail chest' is associated with which part of the respiratory system?

    <p>'Thoracic wall'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system is associated with 'paradoxic breathing pattern'?

    <p>'Thoracic wall'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main respiratory stimulus in animals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key component of emergency stabilization of a patient with respiratory distress?

    <p>Obtaining vascular access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the commonly used routes for placing a peripheral IV catheter?

    <p>Cephalic, accessory cephalic, or lateral saphenous vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug may cause hypotension when administered to patients in an emergency setting?

    <p>Aminophylline</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of butorphanol and acepromazine?

    <p>They have no direct reversal agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug may cause respiratory depression when administered to patients in an emergency setting?

    <p>Diazepam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of aminophylline on bronchial smooth muscle?

    <p>Relaxation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which patients can injectable glucocorticoids be a valuable tool?

    <p>Patients with upper airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of administration for dexamethasone sodium phosphate?

    <p>IV, IM, or SQ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do long-acting steroids have that makes them not recommended in the acute setting?

    <p>Mineralocorticoid effects leading to acute plasma volume expansion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should clinicians establish before administering glucocorticoids to a patient?

    <p>Recent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered if congestive heart failure is suspected or not able to be completely ruled out in a patient?

    <p>Injectable furosemide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common underlying disease causing dynamic obstructions in dogs?

    <p>Laryngeal paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common lower airway disease seen in cats?

    <p>Feline asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disease can cause noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in dogs and cats?

    <p>Head trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potentially life-threatening condition involving an obstruction of a pulmonary vessel by a thrombus?

    <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease process can lead to fluid accumulation in the pleural space?

    <p>Right-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can cause a rapid, shallow restrictive breathing pattern in patients?

    <p>Pleural effusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of pneumonia can occur due to head trauma or prolonged seizures?

    <p>Aspiration pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition should be suspected in patients presenting with respiratory distress, pulmonary crackles, and a concurrent heart murmur?

    <p>Cardiogenic pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease can lead to decreased lung sounds ventrally on auscultation?

    <p>Pyothorax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can lead to hypoventilation due to decreased outward movements of the thoracic wall during inspiration?

    <p>Congenital malformation of the thoracic wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of lower airway disease seen in dogs?

    <p>Chronic bronchitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be suspected in dogs presenting with hemothorax?

    <p>Pericardial effusion and pulmonary hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with the use of oxygen hoods?

    <p>Accumulation of CO2 and condensation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which oxygen therapy method is described as noninvasive and able to deliver heated and humidified oxygen at concentrations up to 100% with high flow rates?

    <p>High-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using an oxygen cage for oxygen supplementation?

    <p>Loss of oxygen concentration when the door is opened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is nasal oxygen different from an oxygen hood and an oxygen cage?

    <p>It provides a more invasive modality of oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapy involves the delivery of 100% oxygen that is pressurized to a value above atmospheric pressure?

    <p>Hyperbaric oxygen therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can result from prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations?

    <p>Oxygen toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method has been shown to achieve an oxygen concentration of 70% within 90 seconds?

    <p>Oxygen hoods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of nasal prongs for oxygen supplementation?

    <p>Inability to fit every patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of high-flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) for hypoxemic patients?

    <p>Positive end-expiratory pressure/continuous positive airway pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of hyperbaric oxygen therapy?

    <p>To allow more oxygen to be available for diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential risk associated with prolonged exposure to high oxygen concentrations?

    <p>Oxygen toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using an E-collar for making an oxygen hood?

    <p>Secures the oxygen tube to the inner aspect of the collar</p> Signup and view all the answers

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