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Questions and Answers
Which vein is part of the venous anastomotic network at the base of the brain?
What structure does the venous circle at the base of the brain closely resemble?
Which veins carry blood from the head and neck to the superior vena cava?
What may cause bleeding during endoscopic third ventriculostomy?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the venous polygon at the base of the brain?
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Which structure surrounds the mammillary bodies and floor of the third ventricle?
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Which sinus is located closest to the cerebellar peduncles?
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What is the role of the internal cerebral veins?
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What forms the internal jugular vein?
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Which nerve lies adjacent to the internal jugular vein as it descends?
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From where does blood primarily collect in the internal jugular vein?
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Which of the following is NOT a tributary of the external jugular vein?
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What type of veins connect the cerebral sinuses to the external integument of the head?
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Where does the external jugular vein descend into?
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The internal jugular vein unites with which vein to form the brachiocephalic vein?
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Which of the following veins is categorized as an intracranial tributary of the internal jugular vein?
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What is the approximate length of the right brachiocephalic vein?
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Which of the following is a tributary of the left brachiocephalic vein?
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What formation does the right and left brachiocephalic veins create?
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Which vein primarily drains the diaphragm and pericardium?
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At what level does the azygos vein arch anteriorly to end in the superior vena cava?
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Which of the following veins is NOT a tributary of the azygos vein?
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What is a characteristic feature of the superior vena cava?
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Which vein drains the second and third left posterior intercostal veins?
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What structure encircles the mammillary bodies and the floor of the third ventricle?
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Which vein is primarily formed by the union of the inferior petrosal and sigmoid dural venous sinuses?
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Which cranial nerve lies between the internal jugular vein and the internal carotid artery?
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Which group of tributaries of the internal jugular vein is NOT classified as intracranial?
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What is the primary function of the emissary veins connected to the internal jugular vein?
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Which vein carries blood from the head and neck to the superior vena cava?
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Which pair of veins is responsible for draining the spinal cord and surrounding tissues?
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What describes the internal jugular vein's path in relation to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
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What is the role of the plexus venosus canalis hypoglossi?
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What characterizes the deep veins of the brain in comparison to other veins?
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Which deep veins belong to the superior group of the brain?
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What is a notable feature of the veins in the inferior group of the brain?
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Where do the internal cerebral veins connect?
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What is the primary blood drainage path of the vena basalis?
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Which structure does the plexus venosus caroticus internus connect with?
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What does the vv.portales hypophysialis primarily drain into?
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Study Notes
Veins of the Posterior Cerebral Fossa
- Pulvinar of the Thalamus: The pulvinar is a part of the thalamus, a structure in the brain responsible for relaying sensory information.
- Internal Cerebral Veins: They connect to form the Great Cerebral Vein (Galen's Vein).
- Splenium of the Corpus Callosum: This is the posterior part of the corpus callosum, the part of the brain that connects the two hemispheres.
- Great Cerebral Vein: Also known as Galen's Vein, it receives blood from the Basal Veins of Rosenthal and drains into the Straight Sinus.
- Posterior Vein of the Corpus Callosum: Travels along the top surface of the corpus callosum.
- Inferior Sagittal Sinus: Located along the lower edge of the falx cerebri.
- Straight Sinus: Runs vertically through the brain and receives blood from the Galen's Vein and Inferior Sagittal Sinus.
- Falx Cerebri: A fold of dura mater, the tough membrane that surrounds the brain, separating the two cerebral hemispheres.
- Tentorium Cerebelli: A dural fold that separates the cerebrum (the largest part of the brain) from the cerebellum, which is involved in movement coordination.
- Confluence of Sinuses: The point where several venous sinuses converge.
- Transverse Sinus: Located at the back of the brain, it receives blood from the Straight Sinus.
- Superior Sagittal Sinus: Runs along the top of the falx cerebri.
- Superior Vein of the Vermis: Drains blood from the vermis, the central part of the cerebellum.
- Inferior Vein of the Vermis: Drains blood from the vermis.
- Occipital Sinus: A small sinus at the back of the brain.
- Inferior Veins of the Cerebellum: Collect blood from the cerebellum.
- Superior Vein of the Cerebellum: Collects blood from the cerebellum.
- Vein of the Cerebellomedullary Cistern: Located near the junction of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
- Posterior Spinal Vein: Drains blood from the spinal cord.
- Fourth Ventricle: One of the four ventricles in the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- Anterior Spinal Vein: Drains blood from the spinal cord.
- Cerebellar Peduncles: Three pairs of stalks that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.
- Vein of the Fourth Ventricle: Drains blood from the fourth ventricle.
- Vein of the Medulla Oblongata: Drains blood from the medulla oblongata, part of the brainstem.
- Lateral Pontine Vein: Located in the pons, part of the brainstem.
- Petrosal Vein: Drains blood from the cavernous sinus and internal jugular vein.
- Pontomesencephalic Vein: Connects the pons and midbrain.
- Anterior Cerebral Vein: Drains blood from the anterior part of the brain.
- Deep Middle Cerebral Vein: Drains blood from the middle part of the brain.
- Lateral Middle Cerebral Vein: Drains blood from the middle part of the brain.
- Peduncular Vein: Drains blood from the midbrain.
- Basal Vein: Also known as the Vein of Rosenthal, it runs along the medial surface of the temporal lobe, connecting to the Great Cerebral Vein.
Venous Circle of Trolard
- Location: Base of the Brain
- Function: Acts like the Circle of Willis for venous drainage.
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Components:
- Anterior Cerebral Veins
- Communicating Veins
- Basal Vein of Rosenthal (Vein of Galen)
- Posterior Communicating Veins
- Lateral Mesencephalic Veins
Jugular Veins
- Location: The Neck
- Function: Carry blood from the head and neck to the Superior Vena Cava (SVC).
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Types:
- Internal Jugular Vein
- External Jugular Vein
- Anterior Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
- Formation: Union of the Inferior Petrosal and Sigmoid Dural Sinus
- Location: Descends in the carotid sheath with the internal carotid artery.
- Drainage: Receives blood from the face and neck.
- Terminates: Joins with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
Tributaries of the Internal Jugular Vein
Intracranial Tributaries
- Diploic Veins: Originate within the bones of the skull.
- Emissary Veins: Connect the sinuses of the dura mater to the veins outside the skull.
- Superior and Inferior Ophthalmic Veins: Drain the eye and surrounding tissues.
- Veins of the Labyrinth: Drain the inner ear.
- Sinuses of the Dura Mater: Large venous channels within the tough membrane that surrounds the brain.
Extracranial Tributaries
- Pharyngeal Veins: Drains blood from the pharynx.
- Lingual Vein: Drains blood from the tongue.
- Superior Thyroid Vein: Drains blood from the thyroid gland.
- Facial Vein: Drains blood from the face.
- Retromandibular Vein: Drains blood from the face and neck.
Tributaries of the Retromandibular Vein
- Superficial Temporal Vein
- Maxillary Vein
- Pterygoid Plexus
- Facial Vein (sometimes)
External Jugular Vein
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Formation: Union of the Occipital vein and Posterior Auricular vein.
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Location: Originates at the angle of the mandible and descends to the clavicle.
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Drainage: Collects blood from the scalp, face, neck, and superficial muscles of the back.
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Terminates: Drains into the subclavian vein.
Tributaries of the External Jugular Vein
- Anterior Jugular Vein
- Posterior External Jugular Vein
- Transverse Cervical Vein
- Suprascapular Vein
Brachiocephalic Veins
- Location: The neck and chest, near the heart.
- Function: Connect the superior vena cava to veins in the head, neck, and arms.
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Types:
- Right Brachiocephalic Vein
- Left Brachiocephalic Vein
Right Brachiocephalic Vein
- Length: Approximately 2.5 cm long.
- Location: Runs vertically in front of the right brachiocephalic trunk.
- Terminates: Joins the left brachiocephalic vein to form the SVC.
Tributaries of the Right Brachiocephalic Vein
- Right Vertebral Vein
- Internal Thoracic Vein
- Inferior Thyroid Vein
- First Right Intercostal Vein (occasionally)
Left Brachiocephalic Vein
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Length: Approximately 6 cm long.
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Location: Runs on an oblique path to the right before joining the right brachiocephalic vein.
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Terminates: Joins the right brachiocephalic vein to form the SVC.
Tributaries of the Left Brachiocephalic Vein
- Left Vertebral Vein
- Internal Thoracic Vein
- Inferior Thyroid Vein
- Superior Intercostal Vein
- Thymic Vein
- Pericardiophrenic Veins
Variations of Brachiocephalic Veins
- Separate Drainage: Can enter the right atrium separately.
- Left Vena Cava: Configuration of a left vena cava.
Internal Thoracic Veins
- Location: Accompany the internal thoracic arteries.
- Terminates: Drain into the corresponding brachiocephalic veins.
Tributaries of the Internal Thoracic Veins
- Intercostal Veins
- Pericardiophrenic Veins
Inferior Thyroid Veins
- Location: Originate in the veinous plexus of the thyroid gland.
- Connections: Connect to the middle and superior thyroid veins.
Left Superior Intercostal Vein
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Location: Drains blood from the second and third left posterior intercostal veins.
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Terminates: Drains directly into the left brachiocephalic vein.
Superior Vena Cava
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Function: Drain superior aspects of the body.
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Length: Approximately 7 cm long.
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Formation: Confluence of the brachiocephalic veins.
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Terminates: Drains into the right atrium of the heart.
Tributaries of the Superior Vena Cava
- Azygos Vein
- Small Veins from the Mediastinum
Pericardiophrenic Veins
- Location: Adjacent to pericardium and pleura.
- Drainage: Drain the diaphragm and pericardium.
Thymic Veins
- Size: Small in adults.
- Exceptions: Enlarged veins if thymus gland is enlarged.
Azygos System
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Function: Drains blood from the thorax.
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Formation: Confluence of the ascending lumbar veins, subcostal veins, and lumbar azygos.
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Location: Ascends in the posterior mediastinum.
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Terminates: Drains into the superior vena cava.
Tributaries of the Azygos Vein
- Posterior Intercostal Veins
- Hemiazygos Veins
- Accessory Hemiazygos Veins
- Esophageal, Mediastinal, and Pericardial Veins
Other Venous Plexuses
- Plexus Venosus Canalis Hypoglossi: Connects venous plexus near the foramen magnum to the internal jugular vein.
- Plexus Venosus Foraminis Ovalis: Connects the cavernous sinus and pterygoid plexus.
- Plexus Venosus Caroticus Internus: Connects to the cavernous sinus and internal jugular vein.
- Vv. Portales Hypophysialis: Drains blood from the pituitary gland (hypophysis) into the cavernous sinus.
Deep Veins of the Brain
- Location: Within the brain.
- Structure: Groups of venous trunks that collect blood from various brain regions.
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Blood Supply:
- Septum pellucidum
- Basal nuclei
- Thalamus
- Brainstem
- Cerebellum
Deep Veins of the Brain: Superior Group
- V. Thalamostriata Superior: Drains the superior part of the thalamus and striatum.
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Vv. Interna Cerebri:
- Formed by the combination of thalamostriate and choroidal (villous) veins.
- Travel backward and parallel to each other.
- Connect near the splenium of the corpus callosum to form Galen’s vein.
- Each receives blood from the basal veins.
- Vv. of the Lateral Ventricle: Drains blood from the lateral ventricles of the brain.
Deep Veins of the Brain: Inferior Group
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Vv. Basales:
- Venae Trunci Encephali
- V. Pontomesencephalica
- Vv. Pontis (veins of the pons)
- Vv. Medullae Oblongatae (veins of the medulla oblongata)
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Greater Cerebral Vein (V. Magna Cerebri):
- Formed by the combination of the basal veins.
- Drains into the straight sinus.
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Basal Vein of Rosenthal:
- Originates on the medial surface of the temporal lobe.
- Runs posteriorly and medially.
- Passes lateral to the midbrain.
- Drains into Galen's vein.
- Closely related to the Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA).
Venous Drainage from the Cerebellum
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Vv. Cerebelli: Collect blood from the cerebellum.
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Veins of the Medullary Velum: Drain blood from the medullary velum, a fold of tissue in the cerebellum.
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Veins of the Cerebellar Hemispheres: Drain blood from the hemispheres of the cerebellum.
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Inferior Cerebellar Veins: Drain blood from the bottom aspect of the cerebellum.
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Superior Cerebellar Veins: Drain blood from the top aspect of the cerebellum.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the veins of the posterior cerebral fossa. This quiz covers key structures such as the pulvinar of the thalamus, internal cerebral veins, and the great cerebral vein. Enhance your understanding of brain anatomy and vascular systems.
