Questions and Answers
Which type of seed has the endosperm completely consumed during development?
What is the outer layer of the seed coat called?
Which of the following is an example of a monocot?
What type of germination involves the epicotyl elongating while the cotyledons remain below the ground?
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Which appendage is associated with the paddy crop?
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Which type of germination is characterized by the cotyledon remaining below the soil surface?
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What is the main characteristic of recalcitrant seeds compared to orthodox seeds?
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Which pollination method involves transfer by insects?
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In the fertilization process of angiosperms, what is unique about the male nuclei involved?
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Which of the following is an example of an endospermic seed?
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What is the genetic purity required for Foundation seed?
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Which crop requires a minimum physical purity of 99%?
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Which of the following crops has a pure seed percentage of 96%?
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Designated inseparable other crop seed for Wheat includes which of the following?
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What is the minimum physical purity percentage for most crops?
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What is the primary function of the endosperm in a seed?
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Which of the following crops is classified as a non-endospermic dicot?
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What type of germination occurs when the epicotyl elongates while the cotyledons remain below the soil surface?
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Which type of seed coat consists of two layers?
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In which group do all cereals, such as wheat and rice, belong based on their endosperm structure?
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Which of the following types of seeds are classified as non-endospermic seeds?
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What type of germination do most monocots exhibit?
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Which form of pollen grain dissemination involves birds?
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In which structure does double fertilization occur in angiosperms?
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What are recalcitrant seeds typically associated with?
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Which of the following crops has the highest price listed?
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What is the primary role of the breeder seed in seed technology?
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Who is recognized as the father of seed technology?
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Which color of tag is provided for breeder seed?
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Which of the following is NOT a class of seed according to AOSCA?
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What is the genetic purity percentage of Certified Seed?
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Which seed type is produced by the National Seed Corporation (NSC) under the supervision of research scientists?
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Which seed type does not require certification?
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What color tag is used for Foundation Seed?
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Which type of seed has a physical purity of 98% and 2% inert matter?
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Which seed category is characterized by seeds that can undergo dormancy and withstand freezing injury?
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What is the primary characteristic of hybrid seed production compared to varietal seed production?
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Which seed is specifically produced for progressive seed growers only?
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What must be done with hybrid seeds each time they are produced?
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What is the ideal moisture content for orthodox seeds to remain viable?
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Which tag color corresponds to the production of breeder seed that is not meant for general distribution?
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Which characteristic is NOT associated with recalcitrant seeds?
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What type of seed production typically results in lower yields and profits?
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What is the primary purpose of Azure Blue seed from AFO 2020?
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What distinguishes orthodox seeds from recalcitrant seeds in terms of longevity?
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Study Notes
Classification of Seeds
- Seeds categorized by usage include cereals, oil seeds, pulses, fiber, green manure, vegetables, and medicinal/sylvicultural species.
- Classification based on cotyledons divides seeds into monocots (one cotyledon) and dicots (two cotyledons).
- Endospermic (albuminous) seeds, which retain endosperm at maturity, include all cereals, castor, and fenugreek. Non-endospermic (ex-albuminous) seeds, where endosperm is consumed, include all legumes.
Germination Types
- Hypogeal germination: Epicotyl elongates, cotyledons remain below ground; observed in monocots, gram, pea, and several other species.
- Epigeal germination: Cotyledons emerge above ground; occurs in beans, castor, cotton, and others.
- Hypo-epigeal germination is seen in species like Peperomia peruviana.
Seed Storage Behaviour
- Orthodox seeds remain viable for extended periods when stored at low moisture (5-10%) and temperature, include most food crops like beans, apples, and cereals.
- Recalcitrant seeds lose viability quickly when dried below 12% moisture and are sensitive to low temperatures, typical of species like avocado and mango.
Pollination
- Pollination involves pollen transfer from anthers to stigmas, occurring in self-pollination (autogamy) or cross-pollination (allogamy).
Pollen Grain Dissemination
- Pollen is dispersed by various agents:
- Wind (Anemophily)
- Water (Hydrophily)
- Insects (Entomophily)
- Birds (Ornithophily)
- Snails (Malacophily)
- Wasps (Waspophily)
- Flies (Myophily)
- Bats (Chiropterophily)
Fertilization Process
- Fusion of male and female gametes forms an embryo; the embryo sac contains 7 cells and 8 nuclei.
- Double fertilization in angiosperms occurs involving two male nuclei.
Seed Anatomy
- Embryos develop from seeds containing either monocot (one cotyledon) or dicot (two cotyledons) structures.
- Endosperm can be albuminous (persists at maturity) or exalbuminous (completely absorbed), with reserved food differing by type—carbohydrates in cereals, proteins in legumes, fats in some seeds.
- Seed coats (testa and tegmen) provide protection; can be unitegmic (single layer) or bitegmic (two layers).
Seed Appendages
- Seed appendages aid in identification and dispersal including awns (paddy), hilum (pulses), caruncle (castor), aril (nutmeg), hairs (cotton), and wings (moringa).
Seed Quality Characteristics
- Genetic purity refers to a seed's genetic fidelity, affecting yield; breeder seed has 100% purity, foundation seeds have 99.5%, and certified seeds have 99%.
- Physical purity indicates the composition of seed lots, aiming for high percentages (~96-98%) with uniform size and shape.
Seed Classifications Based on Usage and Types
- Seed classes include nucleus seeds (100% purity), breeder seeds (100% purity, golden yellow tag), foundation seeds (99.5% purity, white tag), and certified seeds (99% purity, azure blue tag).
- The seed certification process is essential for maintaining genetic and physical seed quality.
Seed Multiplication Process
- Generation model follows: breeder seed → foundation seed → certified seed.
- Varietal seed production utilizes open pollination, yielding lower profits and requiring less care, whereas hybrid seed production necessitates controlled conditions and generates higher yields.
Storage Behaviour Types
- Orthodox seeds can survive under low moisture conditions and are able to undergo dormancy; suitable for ex-situ conservation.
- Recalcitrant seeds are highly sensitive to moisture and temperature, requiring in-situ conservation strategies.
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Test your knowledge on the pricing and varieties of various vegetables. This quiz covers different crops, their prices, and related examinations from various years. Perfect for agricultural studies and competitive exams.
