Vector Clocks and Causality in Distributed Systems

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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of Christian's Algorithm in clock synchronization?

  • To update clocks using an external authoritative clock
  • To limit the skew to a delay bound
  • To ensure reasonable clock accuracy in LAN networks (correct)
  • To collaborate with nodes in the network for clock synchronization

How does Christian's Algorithm update a node's time?

  • By considering the round trip time and the server's current time (correct)
  • By measuring the delay between nodes and the authoritative clock server
  • By syncing with an external authoritative clock
  • By collaborating with other nodes in the network

What type of synchronization does Berkley Algorithm use?

  • External Synchronization
  • Internal Synchronization (correct)
  • Global State Synchronization
  • Vector Clocks Synchronization

In clock synchronization, what does 'skew' refer to?

<p>The gradual difference in time between clocks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of Internal Synchronization for clock synchronization?

<p>Higher delay due to round trips required (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which algorithm requires a clock server synchronized to UTC time for operation?

<p>Christian's Algorithm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main challenge in determining when events took place in a network?

<p>Synchronizing clocks on every node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are hardware clocks in computers typically connected to provide an approximate representation of physical time?

<p>Through crystal oscillators connected to oscillation counter circuitry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main problem caused by the fact that clocks in computers are not all exactly the same?

<p>Skew (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the difference in the rate at which two clocks count time due to factors like temperature and voltage differences?

<p>Drift (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it challenging to synchronize clocks on every node in a network?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of synchronizing clocks on every node in a network?

<p>To determine when events took place accurately (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the algorithm for vector clocks, what does it mean when V(e) < V(e’)?

<p>Event e is concurrent with event e’ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information is included in each message in the vector clock algorithm?

<p>The number of events at all processes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is garbage collection important in distributed systems?

<p>To avoid resource exhaustion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem can occur if timestamps of messages are not considered in creating a snapshot of a distributed system?

<p>Snapshot inconsistency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key cause of deadlock in distributed systems?

<p>Resource contention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does a message get delivered in the vector clock algorithm?

<p>When its timestamp is one more than the receiver's timestamp (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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