15 Questions
Yellow sticky traps are more effective for capturing Homoptera than water pan traps
True
Real-time quantitative PCR methods can only identify viruses in plants, not in vectors
False
Amplicon sequence non-specific methods use fluorescence proportional to total dsDNA
True
Vector relationships include specificity and persistence
True
Factors affecting transmission and epidemic development include the presence of alternate hosts
True
Vector-borne pathogens can only be transmitted by insects
False
All viruses are transmitted by members of the order Homoptera
False
Spores of plant pathogenic fungi can be transmitted to flowers by thrips and various pollinators
True
Pathogen population size is not an important factor in disease development
False
For many plant virus diseases, the epidemiologically important propagule is often the plant itself
False
Vector-borne diseases are generally monocyclic, with only one transmission cycle within one season.
False
Aphids have two forms of adults: apterae (without wings local movement resulting in aggregation) and alatae (winged forms that can disperse over short and long distances).
True
The effect of wind on the spatial spread of black currant reversion virus transmitted by aphids can be estimated using the 'multiple infection transformation' ln[1/(1-x)], where x is the proportion of diseased plants or diseased area.
True
Spraying of the vector is always an effective method for controlling vector-borne diseases.
False
Roguing of only latently infected plants can be moderately effective in reducing the incidence of vector-borne diseases.
True
Study Notes
- Insect vectors used for quantification: Landing and impaction traps (water pan trap, yellow sticky traps), vertical net, suction traps
- Yellow sticky traps more effective for Homoptera than water pans
- Trap design affects catch: size, color, height, location, position
- Suction traps useful for measuring vector density, but expensive and labor-intensive
- Real-time quantitative PCR methods for identifying and quantifying viruses in plants or vectors
- Amplicon sequence non-specific methods: SYBR Green I, fluorescence proportional to total dsDNA
- Amplicon sequence specific methods: TaqMan, Molecular beacons, Scorpion PCR, probe labeled with a donor fluorophore and acceptor dye
- Vector relationships: specificity (transmission by particular species or non-specifically), persistence (non-persistent, semi-persistent, circulative persistent, or circulative persistent and propagative)
- Persistence in the vector affects epidemic development
- Five steps in vector transmission: acquisition, movement inside the vector, multiplication, inoculation, and movement/replication in the host plant
- Factors affecting transmission and epidemic development: proportion of infected source plants, pathogen content, vector density, vector aggregation, vector movement, presence of alternate hosts
- Modeled virus transmission: acquisition and inoculation over time, disease incidence over time for non-persistent, semi-persistent, circulative persistent, and propagative persistent viruses
- Multiplication and movement of pathogens inside host plants affect epidemic development
- Plant virus infection can affect vector multiplication rate
- Vectors can be more attracted to diseased plants, indicating co-evolution.
Explore the influence of vector-borne pathogens on disease development, including viruses, bacteria, mollicutes, and fungi transmitted primarily by insects, mites, nematodes, and other organisms. Learn about the main insect vectors such as aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, planthoppers, and leafhoppers.
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