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Questions and Answers
Yellow sticky traps are more effective for capturing Homoptera than water pan traps
Yellow sticky traps are more effective for capturing Homoptera than water pan traps
True (A)
Real-time quantitative PCR methods can only identify viruses in plants, not in vectors
Real-time quantitative PCR methods can only identify viruses in plants, not in vectors
False (B)
Amplicon sequence non-specific methods use fluorescence proportional to total dsDNA
Amplicon sequence non-specific methods use fluorescence proportional to total dsDNA
True (A)
Vector relationships include specificity and persistence
Vector relationships include specificity and persistence
Factors affecting transmission and epidemic development include the presence of alternate hosts
Factors affecting transmission and epidemic development include the presence of alternate hosts
Vector-borne pathogens can only be transmitted by insects
Vector-borne pathogens can only be transmitted by insects
All viruses are transmitted by members of the order Homoptera
All viruses are transmitted by members of the order Homoptera
Spores of plant pathogenic fungi can be transmitted to flowers by thrips and various pollinators
Spores of plant pathogenic fungi can be transmitted to flowers by thrips and various pollinators
Pathogen population size is not an important factor in disease development
Pathogen population size is not an important factor in disease development
For many plant virus diseases, the epidemiologically important propagule is often the plant itself
For many plant virus diseases, the epidemiologically important propagule is often the plant itself
Vector-borne diseases are generally monocyclic, with only one transmission cycle within one season.
Vector-borne diseases are generally monocyclic, with only one transmission cycle within one season.
Aphids have two forms of adults: apterae (without wings local movement resulting in aggregation) and alatae (winged forms that can disperse over short and long distances).
Aphids have two forms of adults: apterae (without wings local movement resulting in aggregation) and alatae (winged forms that can disperse over short and long distances).
The effect of wind on the spatial spread of black currant reversion virus transmitted by aphids can be estimated using the 'multiple infection transformation' ln[1/(1-x)], where x is the proportion of diseased plants or diseased area.
The effect of wind on the spatial spread of black currant reversion virus transmitted by aphids can be estimated using the 'multiple infection transformation' ln[1/(1-x)], where x is the proportion of diseased plants or diseased area.
Spraying of the vector is always an effective method for controlling vector-borne diseases.
Spraying of the vector is always an effective method for controlling vector-borne diseases.
Roguing of only latently infected plants can be moderately effective in reducing the incidence of vector-borne diseases.
Roguing of only latently infected plants can be moderately effective in reducing the incidence of vector-borne diseases.
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Study Notes
- Insect vectors used for quantification: Landing and impaction traps (water pan trap, yellow sticky traps), vertical net, suction traps
- Yellow sticky traps more effective for Homoptera than water pans
- Trap design affects catch: size, color, height, location, position
- Suction traps useful for measuring vector density, but expensive and labor-intensive
- Real-time quantitative PCR methods for identifying and quantifying viruses in plants or vectors
- Amplicon sequence non-specific methods: SYBR Green I, fluorescence proportional to total dsDNA
- Amplicon sequence specific methods: TaqMan, Molecular beacons, Scorpion PCR, probe labeled with a donor fluorophore and acceptor dye
- Vector relationships: specificity (transmission by particular species or non-specifically), persistence (non-persistent, semi-persistent, circulative persistent, or circulative persistent and propagative)
- Persistence in the vector affects epidemic development
- Five steps in vector transmission: acquisition, movement inside the vector, multiplication, inoculation, and movement/replication in the host plant
- Factors affecting transmission and epidemic development: proportion of infected source plants, pathogen content, vector density, vector aggregation, vector movement, presence of alternate hosts
- Modeled virus transmission: acquisition and inoculation over time, disease incidence over time for non-persistent, semi-persistent, circulative persistent, and propagative persistent viruses
- Multiplication and movement of pathogens inside host plants affect epidemic development
- Plant virus infection can affect vector multiplication rate
- Vectors can be more attracted to diseased plants, indicating co-evolution.
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