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Types of Waves

• Mechanical Waves: Require a medium to propagate (e.g., water, air, solid objects)
  • Examples: water waves, sound waves, seismic waves
• Electromagnetic Waves: Do not require a medium to propagate (e.g., light, radio, X-rays)
  • Examples: light waves, radio waves, X-rays

Wave Motion

• Amplitude: Maximum displacement of a wave from its equilibrium position
• Wavelength: Distance between two consecutive points on a wave that are in phase with each other
• Frequency: Number of oscillations per second (measured in Hz)
• Period: Time taken for one oscillation (reciprocal of frequency)
• Speed: Distance traveled by a wave per unit time
• Phase: Relative position of a wave with respect to a reference point

Sound Waves

• Longitudinal Waves: Compressions and rarefactions (expansions) in a medium
• Frequency Range: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (human audible range)
• Speed: approximately 343 m/s in air at room temperature and atmospheric pressure

Seismic Waves

• P-Waves (Primary Waves): Longitudinal waves that travel through the Earth's interior
• S-Waves (Shear Waves): Transverse waves that travel through the Earth's interior
• Surface Waves: Waves that travel along the Earth's surface
• Seismic Wave Speed: varies with depth and composition of the Earth's interior

Light Waves

• Electromagnetic Waves: Transverse waves that propagate through a vacuum
• Frequency Range: includes visible light, ultraviolet (UV) light, X-rays, and gamma rays
• Speed: approximately 299,792,458 m/s in a vacuum
• Wavelength Range: approximately 400-700 nanometers (visible light)