Vascular System and Heart Function Quiz
48 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

The heart pumps blood into ______.

arteries

During ______, the heart contracts and ejects blood.

systole

The smallest blood vessels where nutrient, gas, and waste exchange occurs are called ______.

capillaries

Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart through ______.

<p>veins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trained athletes typically have a ______ heart rate compared to untrained individuals at rest.

<p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stroke volume is generally higher in trained individuals due to ______ hypertrophy.

<p>left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phase of the heart cycle where the heart fills with blood is known as ______.

<p>diastole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac output during exercise is typically higher in ______ compared to untrained individuals.

<p>trained people</p> Signup and view all the answers

A decrease in the diameter of a vessel due to vasoconstriction leads to an increase in total peripheral ______.

<p>resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

During vasodilation, the diameter increases and results in a decrease in ______ and allows increased blood flow to active muscles.

<p>TPR</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration causes an increase in ______, which can decrease blood flow.

<p>viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

During high-intensity exercise, approximately 80-85% of total cardiac output is directed toward ______ muscle.

<p>skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ oblongata is responsible for the regulation of cardiac output.

<p>medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chemoreceptors sense changes in pH and the accumulation of ______ due to CO2.

<p>hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Blood flow to abdominal organs is ______ during exercise.

<p>decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

The autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac output by ______ or decreasing heart rate and stroke volume.

<p>increasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

The PNS fibers supply the heart and arise from neurons in the medulla oblongata that make contact with the SA and AV ______.

<p>nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The SNS fibers reach the heart through the cardiac accelerator nerves which release ______ that acts on beta receptors of the heart.

<p>norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

At rest, pulmonary ventilation is the rhythmic movement of air into and out of the ______.

<p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

During inspiration at rest, the primary muscle used is the ______.

<p>diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

During maximal exercise, the increase in ventilation is proportional until it reaches the ______ threshold.

<p>ventilatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formula for minute ventilation is calculated as ______ volume multiplied by frequency.

<p>tidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Airflow increases with a decrease in airway ______.

<p>resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

The partial pressure of a gas is used to regulate the movement of gases into different ______.

<p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

The accumulation of ______ and hydrogen are detected by chemoreceptors to regulate ventilation.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

The receptors that monitor changes in body temperature are called ______.

<p>thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

The respiratory control center is located in the ______.

<p>medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in our blood as ______ ions.

<p>bicarbonate</p> Signup and view all the answers

As exercise intensity increases, ventilation ______ and pH ______.

<p>increases, decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hemoglobin binds to ______ to transport most of the oxygen in our blood.

<p>oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid and carbonic acid production during exercise leads to an increase in ______ rate to maintain acid-base balance.

<p>ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

The a-vO2 difference reflects the difference of oxygen in ______ blood and venous blood.

<p>arterial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anatomical adaptations refer to physical changes in the body, such as left ventricle ______.

<p>hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principle of specificity, larger muscle mass is gained with ______ training.

<p>resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Higher a-vO2 difference means that tissues are using ______ oxygen.

<p>more</p> Signup and view all the answers

The conversion of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water in the lungs is driven by ______ pressure.

<p>partial</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endurance-trained individuals have a higher concentration of type 1 fibers, which are ______ and produce less lactic acid.

<p>aerobic</p> Signup and view all the answers

A low pH indicates a ______ concentration of hydrogen ions.

<p>higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

During exercise, ______ is exhaled to help sustain controlled concentrations of H+ in the blood.

<p>CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main acids produced during exercise contribute to the production of ______ ions.

<p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

An increase in myoglobin allows the body to use more oxygen in the ______ during exercise.

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endurance-trained individuals have a higher ______ because they have a higher cardiac output.

<p>VO2max</p> Signup and view all the answers

The formula for maximal oxygen uptake is VO2 max = cardiac output x ______ difference.

<p>a-VO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

After 8 weeks of endurance training, you would expect to see lower lactic acid concentrations in the ______ during submaximal exercise.

<p>blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 2a fibers look like type 1 fibers and have more ______ and capillaries.

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypertrophy of type 1 fibers leads to ______ which allows for greater aerobic respiration.

<p>strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left ventricle hypertrophy results in a higher ______ volume for endurance-trained individuals.

<p>stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

Endurance-trained individuals typically have lower heart rate values during ______ exercise.

<p>submaximal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vascular System Components and Roles

  • Heart: Pumps blood to arteries
  • Arteries: Transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
  • Arterioles: Smaller branches leading to capillaries
  • Capillaries: Sites of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
  • Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, with valves to prevent backflow
  • Venules: Collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries, returning it to veins

Systole and Diastole

  • Systole: Contraction phase of heart, ejection of blood, raises arterial blood pressure
  • Diastole: Relaxation phase of heart, filling with blood, no change in arterial blood pressure

Heart Rate Responses to Exercise

  • Submaximal exercise (60% VO2 max): Heart rate response measured over 30 minutes, from rest to exercise and into recovery.
  • Incremental exercise (0-100% VO2 max): Heart rate response to progressively increasing exercise intensity.
  • Stroke volume response to maximal exercise test (0-100% VO2 max): Changes in stroke volume with increasing intensity.

Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Function

  • Stroke volume, cardiac output, and heart rate differ between males and females, primarily due to differences in body size and heart size.

Trained vs. Untrained Cardiovascular Responses

  • Resting heart rate: Lower in trained individuals due to a larger left ventricle.
  • Heart rate during exercise: Increases in trained individuals but tends to be lower than untrained individuals to achieve the same cardiac output
  • Maximal exercise response(trained): Higher stroke volume and cardiac output compared to untrained people, with higher stroke volume being able to reach max heart rate.
  • Maximum Exercise Response (untrained): Similar stroke volume and cardiac output, but lower than that of a trained person at max heart rate

Upper Body vs. Lower Body Exercise

  • Heart rate responses to upper body exercise are higher than lower body exercise at the same workload due to greater sympathetic activity and isometric contractions (arm work)

Relationship Between HR, SV, and CO

  • Heart Rate (HR) multiplied by Stroke Volume (SV) equals Cardiac Output (CO)

Venous Return during Exercise

  • Venous constriction: Increases venous blood pressure and preload, aiding venous return
  • Muscle pump: Skeletal muscle contractions force blood back to the heart
  • Respiratory pump: Changes in thoracic pressure assist venous return

Factors Affecting Stroke Volume

  • Left ventricular hypertrophy: Larger and stronger left ventricle increases stroke volume
  • Cardiac muscle stretch: Increased stretch increases blood ejection
  • Contractility: Greater contractile force increases stroke volume
  • Preload: The amount ventricles fill before contraction; increasing preload increases SV
  • Afterload: Resistance exerted by arteries on blood leaving the ventricles; decreased afterload increases SV

Blood Flow to Exercising Muscles

  • Increased metabolic demand during exercise causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) in muscles to increase blood flow.

Prolonged Exercise and Cardiovascular Function

  • During prolonged exercise, heart rate increases, and stroke volume may decrease slightly to maintain cardiac output.

Peripheral Resistance

  • Factors like vessel diameter and blood viscosity affect total peripheral resistance (TPR) and, consequently, blood flow

Dehydration and Exercise

  • Dehydration during exercise increases blood viscosity, potentially decreasing blood flow and increasing risk of cardiovascular complications

Blood Flow Distribution During Exercise

  • During exercise, blood flow shifts away from less active organs towards exercising skeletal muscles.

Regulation of Ventilation and Acid-Base Balance

  • Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation: carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and arterial oxygen levels.
  • Effects of exercise on respiratory system: increased rate and depth of breathing.
  • Acid-base balance concerns during exercise: lactic acid production, resulting in a lower blood pH and need for increased respiratory function.

Cardiovascular Adaptations to Endurance Training

  • Anatomical adaptation(s): increase in left ventricular hypertrophy, increase in the number and size of mitochondria, greater capillary density
  • Functional adaptation(s): increased stroke volume at maximal exertion, greater blood volume

Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)

  • Factors affecting VO2 max: maximal cardiac output and a-VO2 difference
  • Endurance training increases VO2max due to larger cardiac output and a-VO2 difference

Other

  • Type I and Type II muscle fibers: Type I fibers have high mitochondrial density and are suitable for endurance activities.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Description

Test your knowledge on the components and roles of the vascular system, including the functions of the heart and blood vessels. Understand key concepts like systole, diastole, and heart rate responses to various exercise intensities. This quiz is essential for students of physiology and health sciences.

More Like This

Cardiologia e Anatomia del Cuore
40 questions

Cardiologia e Anatomia del Cuore

LionheartedPointOfView avatar
LionheartedPointOfView
Herz
48 questions

Herz

ImportantPluto253 avatar
ImportantPluto253
Practical Study on Heart and Vascular System
47 questions
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser