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Questions and Answers
The heart pumps blood into ______.
The heart pumps blood into ______.
arteries
During ______, the heart contracts and ejects blood.
During ______, the heart contracts and ejects blood.
systole
The smallest blood vessels where nutrient, gas, and waste exchange occurs are called ______.
The smallest blood vessels where nutrient, gas, and waste exchange occurs are called ______.
capillaries
Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart through ______.
Deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart through ______.
Trained athletes typically have a ______ heart rate compared to untrained individuals at rest.
Trained athletes typically have a ______ heart rate compared to untrained individuals at rest.
Stroke volume is generally higher in trained individuals due to ______ hypertrophy.
Stroke volume is generally higher in trained individuals due to ______ hypertrophy.
The phase of the heart cycle where the heart fills with blood is known as ______.
The phase of the heart cycle where the heart fills with blood is known as ______.
Cardiac output during exercise is typically higher in ______ compared to untrained individuals.
Cardiac output during exercise is typically higher in ______ compared to untrained individuals.
A decrease in the diameter of a vessel due to vasoconstriction leads to an increase in total peripheral ______.
A decrease in the diameter of a vessel due to vasoconstriction leads to an increase in total peripheral ______.
During vasodilation, the diameter increases and results in a decrease in ______ and allows increased blood flow to active muscles.
During vasodilation, the diameter increases and results in a decrease in ______ and allows increased blood flow to active muscles.
Dehydration causes an increase in ______, which can decrease blood flow.
Dehydration causes an increase in ______, which can decrease blood flow.
During high-intensity exercise, approximately 80-85% of total cardiac output is directed toward ______ muscle.
During high-intensity exercise, approximately 80-85% of total cardiac output is directed toward ______ muscle.
The ______ oblongata is responsible for the regulation of cardiac output.
The ______ oblongata is responsible for the regulation of cardiac output.
Chemoreceptors sense changes in pH and the accumulation of ______ due to CO2.
Chemoreceptors sense changes in pH and the accumulation of ______ due to CO2.
Blood flow to abdominal organs is ______ during exercise.
Blood flow to abdominal organs is ______ during exercise.
The autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac output by ______ or decreasing heart rate and stroke volume.
The autonomic nervous system regulates cardiac output by ______ or decreasing heart rate and stroke volume.
The PNS fibers supply the heart and arise from neurons in the medulla oblongata that make contact with the SA and AV ______.
The PNS fibers supply the heart and arise from neurons in the medulla oblongata that make contact with the SA and AV ______.
The SNS fibers reach the heart through the cardiac accelerator nerves which release ______ that acts on beta receptors of the heart.
The SNS fibers reach the heart through the cardiac accelerator nerves which release ______ that acts on beta receptors of the heart.
At rest, pulmonary ventilation is the rhythmic movement of air into and out of the ______.
At rest, pulmonary ventilation is the rhythmic movement of air into and out of the ______.
During inspiration at rest, the primary muscle used is the ______.
During inspiration at rest, the primary muscle used is the ______.
During maximal exercise, the increase in ventilation is proportional until it reaches the ______ threshold.
During maximal exercise, the increase in ventilation is proportional until it reaches the ______ threshold.
The formula for minute ventilation is calculated as ______ volume multiplied by frequency.
The formula for minute ventilation is calculated as ______ volume multiplied by frequency.
Airflow increases with a decrease in airway ______.
Airflow increases with a decrease in airway ______.
The partial pressure of a gas is used to regulate the movement of gases into different ______.
The partial pressure of a gas is used to regulate the movement of gases into different ______.
The accumulation of ______ and hydrogen are detected by chemoreceptors to regulate ventilation.
The accumulation of ______ and hydrogen are detected by chemoreceptors to regulate ventilation.
The receptors that monitor changes in body temperature are called ______.
The receptors that monitor changes in body temperature are called ______.
The respiratory control center is located in the ______.
The respiratory control center is located in the ______.
Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in our blood as ______ ions.
Most of the carbon dioxide is transported in our blood as ______ ions.
As exercise intensity increases, ventilation ______ and pH ______.
As exercise intensity increases, ventilation ______ and pH ______.
Hemoglobin binds to ______ to transport most of the oxygen in our blood.
Hemoglobin binds to ______ to transport most of the oxygen in our blood.
Lactic acid and carbonic acid production during exercise leads to an increase in ______ rate to maintain acid-base balance.
Lactic acid and carbonic acid production during exercise leads to an increase in ______ rate to maintain acid-base balance.
The a-vO2 difference reflects the difference of oxygen in ______ blood and venous blood.
The a-vO2 difference reflects the difference of oxygen in ______ blood and venous blood.
Anatomical adaptations refer to physical changes in the body, such as left ventricle ______.
Anatomical adaptations refer to physical changes in the body, such as left ventricle ______.
According to the principle of specificity, larger muscle mass is gained with ______ training.
According to the principle of specificity, larger muscle mass is gained with ______ training.
Higher a-vO2 difference means that tissues are using ______ oxygen.
Higher a-vO2 difference means that tissues are using ______ oxygen.
The conversion of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water in the lungs is driven by ______ pressure.
The conversion of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water in the lungs is driven by ______ pressure.
Endurance-trained individuals have a higher concentration of type 1 fibers, which are ______ and produce less lactic acid.
Endurance-trained individuals have a higher concentration of type 1 fibers, which are ______ and produce less lactic acid.
A low pH indicates a ______ concentration of hydrogen ions.
A low pH indicates a ______ concentration of hydrogen ions.
During exercise, ______ is exhaled to help sustain controlled concentrations of H+ in the blood.
During exercise, ______ is exhaled to help sustain controlled concentrations of H+ in the blood.
The main acids produced during exercise contribute to the production of ______ ions.
The main acids produced during exercise contribute to the production of ______ ions.
An increase in myoglobin allows the body to use more oxygen in the ______ during exercise.
An increase in myoglobin allows the body to use more oxygen in the ______ during exercise.
Endurance-trained individuals have a higher ______ because they have a higher cardiac output.
Endurance-trained individuals have a higher ______ because they have a higher cardiac output.
The formula for maximal oxygen uptake is VO2 max = cardiac output x ______ difference.
The formula for maximal oxygen uptake is VO2 max = cardiac output x ______ difference.
After 8 weeks of endurance training, you would expect to see lower lactic acid concentrations in the ______ during submaximal exercise.
After 8 weeks of endurance training, you would expect to see lower lactic acid concentrations in the ______ during submaximal exercise.
Type 2a fibers look like type 1 fibers and have more ______ and capillaries.
Type 2a fibers look like type 1 fibers and have more ______ and capillaries.
Hypertrophy of type 1 fibers leads to ______ which allows for greater aerobic respiration.
Hypertrophy of type 1 fibers leads to ______ which allows for greater aerobic respiration.
The left ventricle hypertrophy results in a higher ______ volume for endurance-trained individuals.
The left ventricle hypertrophy results in a higher ______ volume for endurance-trained individuals.
Endurance-trained individuals typically have lower heart rate values during ______ exercise.
Endurance-trained individuals typically have lower heart rate values during ______ exercise.
Flashcards
What is systole?
What is systole?
The phase where the heart muscle contracts and ejects blood from the ventricles. This causes a rise in arterial blood pressure.
What is diastole?
What is diastole?
The relaxation phase of the heart where it fills with blood. During this phase, there is no change in arterial blood pressure since the heart is not actively pumping.
What is stroke volume?
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat.
What is cardiac output?
What is cardiac output?
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How does heart rate respond to exercise?
How does heart rate respond to exercise?
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How does training affect heart rate at rest and during exercise?
How does training affect heart rate at rest and during exercise?
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How does training affect stroke volume and cardiac output at maximal exercise?
How does training affect stroke volume and cardiac output at maximal exercise?
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How do men and women differ in stroke volume and cardiac output?
How do men and women differ in stroke volume and cardiac output?
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Blood pressure
Blood pressure
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Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Total peripheral resistance (TPR)
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Vasoconstriction
Vasoconstriction
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Vasodilation
Vasodilation
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Cardiac output (CO)
Cardiac output (CO)
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Stroke volume (SV)
Stroke volume (SV)
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Dehydration
Dehydration
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Cardiovascular control center
Cardiovascular control center
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Parasympathetic Nervous System Effect on the Heart
Parasympathetic Nervous System Effect on the Heart
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Sympathetic Nervous System Effect on the Heart
Sympathetic Nervous System Effect on the Heart
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Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation
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Inspiration at Rest
Inspiration at Rest
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Inspiration During Exercise
Inspiration During Exercise
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Expiration at Rest
Expiration at Rest
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Expiration During Exercise
Expiration During Exercise
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Minute Ventilation
Minute Ventilation
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What is a-vO2 difference?
What is a-vO2 difference?
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What drives the conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and water in the lungs?
What drives the conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and water in the lungs?
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What does it mean to have a low pH?
What does it mean to have a low pH?
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What does "Hb is 75% saturated" mean?
What does "Hb is 75% saturated" mean?
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How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?
How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?
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How is oxygen transported in the blood?
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
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What is Fick's Formula?
What is Fick's Formula?
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How do we control H+ levels in our blood during exercise?
How do we control H+ levels in our blood during exercise?
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What is the a-VO2 difference?
What is the a-VO2 difference?
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Why does endurance training increase the a-VO2 difference?
Why does endurance training increase the a-VO2 difference?
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What is the formula for VO2max?
What is the formula for VO2max?
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Why do endurance-trained people have higher VO2max values?
Why do endurance-trained people have higher VO2max values?
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Why do endurance-trained people have lower lactic acid concentrations during submaximal exercise?
Why do endurance-trained people have lower lactic acid concentrations during submaximal exercise?
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Why do endurance-trained people have lower heart rates during submaximal exercise and at rest?
Why do endurance-trained people have lower heart rates during submaximal exercise and at rest?
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What are thermoreceptors?
What are thermoreceptors?
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Where is the respiratory control center located?
Where is the respiratory control center located?
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How is ventilation linked to pH changes during exercise?
How is ventilation linked to pH changes during exercise?
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What is the role of ventilation in acid-base balance during exercise?
What is the role of ventilation in acid-base balance during exercise?
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What is the difference between anatomical and functional adaptations?
What is the difference between anatomical and functional adaptations?
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Explain the principle of specificity.
Explain the principle of specificity.
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How does endurance training increase stroke volume?
How does endurance training increase stroke volume?
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Why do endurance-trained individuals have higher minute ventilation?
Why do endurance-trained individuals have higher minute ventilation?
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Study Notes
Vascular System Components and Roles
- Heart: Pumps blood to arteries
- Arteries: Transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
- Arterioles: Smaller branches leading to capillaries
- Capillaries: Sites of nutrient, gas, and waste exchange
- Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, with valves to prevent backflow
- Venules: Collect deoxygenated blood from capillaries, returning it to veins
Systole and Diastole
- Systole: Contraction phase of heart, ejection of blood, raises arterial blood pressure
- Diastole: Relaxation phase of heart, filling with blood, no change in arterial blood pressure
Heart Rate Responses to Exercise
- Submaximal exercise (60% VO2 max): Heart rate response measured over 30 minutes, from rest to exercise and into recovery.
- Incremental exercise (0-100% VO2 max): Heart rate response to progressively increasing exercise intensity.
- Stroke volume response to maximal exercise test (0-100% VO2 max): Changes in stroke volume with increasing intensity.
Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Function
- Stroke volume, cardiac output, and heart rate differ between males and females, primarily due to differences in body size and heart size.
Trained vs. Untrained Cardiovascular Responses
- Resting heart rate: Lower in trained individuals due to a larger left ventricle.
- Heart rate during exercise: Increases in trained individuals but tends to be lower than untrained individuals to achieve the same cardiac output
- Maximal exercise response(trained): Higher stroke volume and cardiac output compared to untrained people, with higher stroke volume being able to reach max heart rate.
- Maximum Exercise Response (untrained): Similar stroke volume and cardiac output, but lower than that of a trained person at max heart rate
Upper Body vs. Lower Body Exercise
- Heart rate responses to upper body exercise are higher than lower body exercise at the same workload due to greater sympathetic activity and isometric contractions (arm work)
Relationship Between HR, SV, and CO
- Heart Rate (HR) multiplied by Stroke Volume (SV) equals Cardiac Output (CO)
Venous Return during Exercise
- Venous constriction: Increases venous blood pressure and preload, aiding venous return
- Muscle pump: Skeletal muscle contractions force blood back to the heart
- Respiratory pump: Changes in thoracic pressure assist venous return
Factors Affecting Stroke Volume
- Left ventricular hypertrophy: Larger and stronger left ventricle increases stroke volume
- Cardiac muscle stretch: Increased stretch increases blood ejection
- Contractility: Greater contractile force increases stroke volume
- Preload: The amount ventricles fill before contraction; increasing preload increases SV
- Afterload: Resistance exerted by arteries on blood leaving the ventricles; decreased afterload increases SV
Blood Flow to Exercising Muscles
- Increased metabolic demand during exercise causes vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) in muscles to increase blood flow.
Prolonged Exercise and Cardiovascular Function
- During prolonged exercise, heart rate increases, and stroke volume may decrease slightly to maintain cardiac output.
Peripheral Resistance
- Factors like vessel diameter and blood viscosity affect total peripheral resistance (TPR) and, consequently, blood flow
Dehydration and Exercise
- Dehydration during exercise increases blood viscosity, potentially decreasing blood flow and increasing risk of cardiovascular complications
Blood Flow Distribution During Exercise
- During exercise, blood flow shifts away from less active organs towards exercising skeletal muscles.
Regulation of Ventilation and Acid-Base Balance
- Factors affecting pulmonary ventilation: carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions and arterial oxygen levels.
- Effects of exercise on respiratory system: increased rate and depth of breathing.
- Acid-base balance concerns during exercise: lactic acid production, resulting in a lower blood pH and need for increased respiratory function.
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Endurance Training
- Anatomical adaptation(s): increase in left ventricular hypertrophy, increase in the number and size of mitochondria, greater capillary density
- Functional adaptation(s): increased stroke volume at maximal exertion, greater blood volume
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)
- Factors affecting VO2 max: maximal cardiac output and a-VO2 difference
- Endurance training increases VO2max due to larger cardiac output and a-VO2 difference
Other
- Type I and Type II muscle fibers: Type I fibers have high mitochondrial density and are suitable for endurance activities.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the components and roles of the vascular system, including the functions of the heart and blood vessels. Understand key concepts like systole, diastole, and heart rate responses to various exercise intensities. This quiz is essential for students of physiology and health sciences.
