30 Questions
What is the essential purpose of inflammation?
To eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and promote tissue healing
Which cells are involved in the acute inflammatory response?
Circulating cells, vascular wall cells, and connective tissue cells
What triggers the production of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in acute inflammation?
Immune cell receptor signal cascade
What are the two major stages of acute inflammation?
Vascular stage and cellular stage
What are the signs of inflammation according to the text?
Heat, redness, pain, swelling, and loss of function
What is the immediate-transient response of blood vessels in inflammation?
Vasoconstriction
What is the role of macrophages in acute inflammation?
Responding to inflammatory stimuli
What is the duration of acute inflammation?
Short
What is the purpose of the emigration of leukocytes in acute inflammation?
Accumulation in the focus of injury
What is the ultimate goal of acute inflammation?
Eliminate the initial cause of cell injury and promote tissue healing
What is the characteristic feature of serous inflammation?
Presence of watery protein-poor fluid
What is the main cellular infiltrate in acute inflammation?
Mainly neutrophils
Which drug therapy blocks the synthesis of prostaglandin in the peripheral nervous system?
Aspirin and NSAIDs
What is the characteristic feature of suppurative inflammation?
Presence of large amounts of purulent exudates
What is the main cellular infiltrate in chronic inflammation?
Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes
What is the main effect of corticosteroids in drug therapy for inflammation?
Inhibition of interleukin-1, cytokines, and TNFs
What is the characteristic feature of fibrinous inflammation?
Presence of fibrinous exudates
What is the distinctive pattern common to few diseases in terms of inflammation?
Granulomatous inflammation
What is the characteristic feature of ulcer in inflammation?
Epithelial surface has become necrotic
What are the systemic manifestations of inflammation?
Fever, somnolence, myalgias, anorexia, leukocytosis
What is the clinical evidence of arteriolar vasodilatation in inflammation?
Heat and erythema
What is the consequence of increased vascular permeability in the earliest phase of inflammation?
Transudate and exudate accumulation
Which cells are primarily involved in the cellular stage of acute inflammation?
Leukocytes
What process involves leukocyte extravasation from the vascular lumen to the extravascular space?
Leukocyte influx
What enhances the recognition and phagocytosis of bacteria by leukocytes?
Opsonins
What can defects in leukocyte function lead to?
Chédiak-Higashi syndrome
What do vasoactive amines such as histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin affect in inflammation?
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
What mediates various inflammatory actions along with vasoactive amines?
Plasma proteases, eicosanoids, and cytokines
What are the outcomes of acute inflammation?
Complete resolution, scarring, abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation
What characterizes chronic inflammation?
Mononuclear cell infiltration, tissue destruction, and repair by angiogenesis and fibrosis
Study Notes
Inflammation and its Stages
- Arteriolar vasodilatation leads to increased blood flow and engorgement of capillary beds, clinically evidenced as heat and erythema.
- Increased vascular permeability in the earliest phase of inflammation leads to transudate and exudate accumulation in third spaces with low and high protein concentration, respectively.
- Acute inflammation's vascular stage involves vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation induced by inflammatory chemicals, leading to redness, heat, and swelling.
- The cellular stage of acute inflammation involves the sequence of leukocyte extravasation from the vascular lumen to the extravascular space.
- Leukocyte influx into the injury site, primarily neutrophils, occurs through slow blood flow, adhesion, and transmigration.
- The cellular response involves chemotaxis, activation, and phagocytosis through opsonins enhancing recognition and phagocytosis of bacteria.
- Defects in leukocyte function can lead to various disorders such as Chédiak-Higashi syndrome and chronic granulomatous diseases.
- Leukocyte-induced injuries include acute respiratory distress syndrome, arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, and vasculitis.
- Vasoactive amines such as histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin play a significant role in inflammation, affecting vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
- Plasma proteases, eicosanoids, and cytokines also mediate various inflammatory actions.
- Outcomes of acute inflammation include complete resolution, scarring, abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.
- Chronic inflammation is characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, tissue destruction, and repair by angiogenesis and fibrosis, and may follow acute inflammation or be caused by viral or persistent infections.
Test your knowledge of inflammation and its stages with this quiz. Explore the vascular and cellular phases, leukocyte function, inflammatory mediators, outcomes of acute inflammation, and characteristics of chronic inflammation.
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