Vascular Disease 1: Atherosclerosis MDSA30160

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

What is the main focus of the learning objectives outlined in the text?

Effects of atherosclerosis on different organs (correct)

Genetic factors leading to atherosclerosis

Development of atherosclerosis in blood vessels

Causes of 'vulnerable/unstable' plaque in atherosclerosis

Which statement best describes the incidence of atherosclerosis mentioned in the text?

It is most common in early years and decreases with age

It is extremely uncommon in the Western world

It is almost universal in middle and old age (correct)

It is equally prevalent across all age groups

What defines atherosclerosis as a systemic but patchy disease?

It affects large and medium-sized arteries

It leads to complete blockage of blood vessels

The lesions contain variable proportions of accumulated lipid and fibrosis (correct)

It is caused by environmental stressors only

What makes atheroma different from 'vulnerable/unstable' plaque?

Presence of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What are the two modes of failure discussed regarding blood vessels in the text?

Blockage and narrowing Signup and view all the answers

Why is atherosclerosis described as a complex, multifactorial disease in the text?

Involvement of multiple genetic and environmental factors Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'atheroma' refer to based on its Greek origin mentioned in the text?

'Porridge' Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text describe atherosclerosis as incompletely understood?

Lack of full comprehension regarding its etiology and pathogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which risk factor for atheroma is considered a major modifiable risk factor according to the text?

Dyslipidaemia Signup and view all the answers

In the context of atheroma risk factors, what is the relative risk associated with cigarette smoking in causing ischemic heart disease (IHD)?

2 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of arteries are mainly affected by the process of arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity mentioned in the text?

Small arteries/arterioles Signup and view all the answers

What is the major fixed constitutional risk factor for atheroma formation mentioned in the text?

Genetics – family history Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the artery consists of smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers according to the normal arterial structure described in the text?

Media Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the intima layer of the artery based on the normal arterial structure mentioned in the text?

Endothelium and sub-endothelial connective tissue Signup and view all the answers

In which type of arteries does atheroma formation usually start, according to the content provided?

>2mm diameter arteries only Signup and view all the answers

Which laboratory marker of chronic inflammation is associated with an increased risk of atheroma formation according to the text?

'C-reactive protein' Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary material found in a fatty streak?

Intracellular lipid Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an advanced or raised fibrolipid plaque?

Lipid, collagen, and smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of the endothelium in atherosclerosis pathogenesis?

Border control between vascular and extravascular spaces Signup and view all the answers

What are the systemic insults that can lead to endothelial injury?

Chemical and metabolic Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are involved in the lesion progression of atherosclerosis?

Macrophages and endothelium Signup and view all the answers

What is the endothelial 'stickiness' associated with in atherosclerosis?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT involved in cellular recruitment in atherosclerosis?

Myocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the earliest sign of endothelial damage according to the text?

Reduced Nitric Oxide Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a response of the vessel wall to injury as per the text?

Entry of LDLs Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of IL-1 recruiting T-cells according to the text?

Affects myocyte functioning and apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves impaired lipid recycling leading to foam cell formation?

Inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to neo-intimal myocytes according to the text?

Proliferation of Myointimal cells Signup and view all the answers

Which factor leads to increased LDL permeability according to the text?

Endothelial damage Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of acute plaque changes according to the text?

Aneurysm formation Signup and view all the answers

What does enhanced expression of cellular adhesion molecules on endothelium lead to?

Entrance of platelets into vessel wall Signup and view all the answers

What cells migrate into the intima from blood in the context of atheroma pathogenesis?

Macrophages Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the intima synthesize extracellular matrix, including collagen?

Smooth muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What causes further damage in atherosclerosis by accumulating and oxidizing within the vessels?

LDL cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

From which source can intimal smooth muscle cells be recruited in atheroma formation?

Circulating precursors Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinctive phenotype of intimal smooth muscle cells compared to medial smooth muscle cells in atheroma development?

Proliferative, synthetic, noncontractile Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells engulf lipid and form foam cells during the initial stages of atheroma formation?