Varicella and Herpes Zoster

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What is the primary mode of transmission of VZV?

Through airborne spread from a patient with varicella

Through contact with oropharyngeal secretions and skin lesions of infected individuals (correct)

Through contact with an individual with latent VZV

Through direct contact with a patient with herpes zoster

What is the effect of exposing individuals with prior VZV infection to varicella?

It has no effect on the immune response to VZV

It boosts the cell-mediated immune response to VZV (correct)

It decreases the cell-mediated immune response to VZV

It increases the likelihood of reactivation of latent virus

What is the typical duration of the incubation period for varicella?

10-21 days (correct)

30-40 days

21-30 days

5-10 days

What is a characteristic of herpes zoster in children?

It is milder than herpes zoster in adults Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during the early part of the incubation period for varicella?

Virus spreads to T lymphocytes, causing a viremia Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of herpes zoster?

Reactivation of latent VZV Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic sensitivity of the immunochromatographic strip test using a recombinant antigen (K39) for VL?

80-90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended antileishmanial chemotherapy regimen for VL?

20 mg/kg/day intravenously or intramuscularly for 28 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of demonstrating amastigotes in tissue specimens or isolating the organism by culture in VL diagnosis?

To confirm the diagnosis of VL Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate time frame for complete clinical healing to occur after completion of therapy for VL?

Weeks to a few months Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic specificity of the immunochromatographic strip test using a recombinant antigen (K39) for VL?

95% Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic value of serodiagnostic tests in patients with VL co-infected with HIV?

Positive findings in about half of the patients Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical cure rate of miltefosine in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis?

95% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common adverse effect of antimony therapy?

Fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of visceral leishmaniasis?

Infected sandflies Signup and view all the answers

What is a rare but serious adverse effect of high doses of pentavalent antimony?

Cardiac toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of permethrin-impregnated mosquito netting in preventing visceral leishmaniasis?

To prevent sandfly bites Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate cure rate of amphotericin B desoxycholate for visceral leishmaniasis?

100% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective in controlling anthroponotic transmission of leishmaniasis?

Early recognition and treatment of cases Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of vaccination in the control of leishmaniases?

It has been demonstrated to be effective in experimental models Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of epidemic pertussis?

Bordetella pertussis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of pertussis in terms of contagiousness?

It is extremely contagious Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of immunity against pertussis?

Neither complete nor lifelong Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of pertussis?

Catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of adaptive immunity failure in immunocompromised children?

Prolonged and/or disseminated infection with resultant complications in the lungs, liver, brain, and other organs Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the skin lesions of varicella and herpes zoster?

Identical histopathology Signup and view all the answers

How long does the incubation period of varicella typically range from?

10-21 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical temperature elevation during varicella infection?

37.8-38.9°C (100-102°F) Signup and view all the answers

How long do fever and other systemic symptoms typically resolve after the onset of the rash?

Within 2-4 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of the initial exanthem of varicella?

Intensely pruritic erythematous macules that evolve into papules Signup and view all the answers