PS295 3

<p>Discrete variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measured variable (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is observed and recorded. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extraversion of the participant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The participant characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An entity that can take on multiple values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The various categories or types within a variable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Correlational claims (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Construct validity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-esteem levels differing among participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>At least two values (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It arises from differences among cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frequency claim (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To manipulate and test the presumed cause (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Predictor and criterion variables (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They specify the precise measurements or manipulations of a concept. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variables are always measured. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow for broader interpretations of causation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To describe the construct's theoretical meaning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependent variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart rate measurements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teacher ratings of aggressive behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-reported frequency of food cravings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Score on standardized IQ test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Validated psychometric scales (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varying the difficulty of tasks given to participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart rate variability assessments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measured improvement in test scores post-study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covariance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can control for external variables more effectively. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High temperature may lead to lower ice cream sales. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The level of control over variables affecting the study outcome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More time spent studying is related to better grades. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eating fruit may improve health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The variables change together in some fashion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Construct Validity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External Validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The precision of an estimate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temporal precedence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal Validity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How well the variables were measured or manipulated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>How precise is the estimate of the correlation? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implement random assignment to groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anything that can take on different values or levels across a set of cases.

The different values or states a variable can take on.

The variable 'room temperature' has levels like "hot" and "normal".

The variable 'occupation' has levels like "doctor," "nurse," and "occupational therapist."

A variable has at least two levels, whereas a constant does not change.

Variation in the value or level of a variable across cases.

The group of people, objects or events being studied.

Characteristics like height, weight, heart rate, and hair color are variables in research.

A variable that can be measured numerically.

A variable that describes qualities or categories.

A variable that can take on any value within a given range.

A variable that can only take on specific, separate values.

A variable that is intentionally changed by the researcher.

A variable that is observed and recorded without the researcher changing its value.

Features that differentiate individuals (e.g., age, personality).

Features of the environment (e.g., temperature, privacy).

The variable hypothesized to cause a change in another variable.

The variable hypothesized to be affected by the independent variable.

Hypothesized cause in a non-experimental study.

Hypothesized effect in a non-experimental study.

A dictionary-like definition of a concept.

How a concept is measured or manipulated in a study (specific, actionable definition).

A broad, abstract idea or concept (like hunger) in a study.

The specific way a researcher measures or manipulates a conceptual variable. In the case of hunger, it might be hours since eating or a self report.

Specific way to measure anxiety like heart rate, self-report scale, or observer notes.

Specific ways aggression in children can be measured - teacher ratings, observation of play, punching doll, story responses.

How much alcohol a person consumes.

How a person's current mood is measured. It can be a self-report scale or a physiological measure.

A specific method of studying - (distributed or massed).

How well a study's variables were measured or manipulated. It's about the accuracy of the measurement tool.

The degree to which the study's statistical conclusions are accurate and reliable. It looks at the strength and precision of the findings.

The extent to which a study can confidently establish a causal relationship; it addresses whether the independent variable caused the change in the dependent variable.

The extent to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and time periods.

The range of values within which the true population value is likely to fall. It accounts for the uncertainty in sample estimates.

A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the larger population it aims to represent.

In a causal claim, the cause must occur before the effect.

Other possible factors that could explain the relationship between the variables, besides the independent variable.

A claim suggesting a relationship between two variables, but not necessarily a cause-and-effect relationship.

A claim stating that one variable directly influences or causes a change in another variable.

The variables in a causal claim must be related to each other, showing that changes in one variable are associated with changes in the other.

A research method designed to establish causality by manipulating one variable (the independent variable) and observing its effect on another variable (the dependent variable) while controlling for other factors.

A strong causal claim is supported by evidence from a well-designed experiment that demonstrates covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

Experiments are the most reliable tool for establishing causality, as they allow researchers to manipulate one variable and observe its effect on another while controlling for extraneous factors.