71 Questions
Which term refers to a characteristic that changes or has different values for different individuals?
Variable
What is the term for a collection of measurements or observations?
Data set
Which term describes a value that usually describes a population?
Parameter
What type of statistics are used to study samples and make generalizations about the populations from which they were selected?
Inferential statistics
What does the term 'sampling error' refer to in statistics?
The discrepancy between a sample statistic and the corresponding population parameter
Which statistical method is used to summarize, organize, and simplify data?
Descriptive statistics
What happens to the mean if a new score is introduced to the sample?
The mean will change, but the direction of change cannot be determined
How does multiplying each score by a constant affect the mean?
The mean is multiplied by that constant
In what scenario would the median be calculated as the average of the middle two scores?
When there are an even number of scores in the sample
Which measure of central tendency is influenced by extreme scores and can be misleading in such cases?
Mean
What does it indicate if mean - median > 0 in a distribution?
The distribution is positively skewed
Is it possible for more than 50% of the scores in a distribution to have values above the median?
False
In a perfectly symmetrical distribution with one mode, what relationship do all three measures of central tendency—mean, median, and mode—have?
They have the same value
What does it indicate if a distribution of scores shows mean = 31 and median = 43?
The distribution is negatively skewed
In what scenario would the precise median be located in the interval defined by the real limits of the value?
When dealing with continuous variables only
If more than one mode exists in a distribution, what kind of distribution may it be?
Bimodal
What happens to the mean if a constant is added to each score in a sample?
The mean increases by that constant
What measure of central tendency is appropriate for nominal scales and discrete variables?
Mode
What does it indicate if mean - median < 0 in a distribution?
The distribution is negatively skewed
What is the purpose of descriptive statistics in a research experiment?
To collect and organize data
Which type of variable has an infinite number of possible values between any two observed values?
Continuous variable
What are real limits in the context of continuous variables?
Boundaries of intervals for scores represented on a continuous number line
Which type of graph is suitable for showing differences in data?
Bar graph
What is the correct method for finding percentiles in a frequency distribution table?
Divide cumulative frequency by total number of scores and multiply by 100
What is the purpose of measuring central tendency in statistics?
To determine the most typical or representative score
What is the formula for calculating the mean in a population?
$\frac{\sum X}{N}$
In a symmetrical distribution, where is the value of the mean located?
Exactly between the highest and lowest score
What does the cumulative percentage identify in a frequency distribution table?
The percentile rank for the upper real limit of the corresponding score or class interval
In a frequency distribution table, what does 'c%' stand for?
Cumulative percentage
What does the median represent in a distribution?
The 50th percentile
How is the overall mean calculated from two sets of scores?
Divide the combined sum by the total number of scores overall
What percentage of nursing home residents in Canada are estimated to have depressive symptoms?
44%
What is the estimated range for major depression prevalence among nursing home residents according to Seitz et al. (2010)?
5-25%
Why can depression rates in nursing homes be considered underestimated?
Undiagnosed and untreated cases
What is a significant challenge to maintaining the quality of life for residents and a positive working environment for staff?
Wandering by cognitively impaired residents
Which health condition shows an increase in prevalence among long-term care residents between 2011–2012 and 2017–2018?
Depression
What percentage of the population aged 85 and older living in nursing homes increased from 85 to 89 to centenarians?
17.5%
What percentage range of nursing home residents is estimated to have mood and anxiety disorders?
14-82%
Why might the rates of major depressive disorder among nursing home residents vary widely?
Differences in diagnostic criteria used
According to Grignon and Spencer, what percentage of total health care spending in Canada is accounted for by long term care?
12-16%
How much will the projected costs of public care in nursing homes and private homes triple between 2019 and 2050 according to MacDonald et al.?
$71 billion
What can happen if depression in nursing homes remains undiagnosed and untreated?
Underestimation of actual depression rates
What is the approximate range of home care accounting for long term care expenditures in Canada according to Grignon and Spencer?
10-30%
What type of residences showed a decrease in the proportion of people aged 85 and older living there?
Seniors’ residences
What portion of the population aged 85 and older lived in collective dwellings in Canada?
$71 billion
What was the percentage point increase in the proportion of people aged 85 and older living in nursing homes from centenarians compared to those aged 85-89?
15.2%
What do Grignon and Spencer suggest is only part of the picture regarding long term care expenditure?
Home care
Why is there a significant workforce shortage of Personal Support Workers (PSWs)?
Limited opportunities for career advancement
What percentage of total home care hours are expected to be provided by unpaid caregivers by 2050?
43%
What does the term 'linchpin' mean in the context of the health care system?
A key support element
How does the population aging impact the demand for PSWs?
Increases the demand for PSWs
What is the primary issue facing many countries, including Canada, regarding PSWs?
Workforce shortage
What proportion of Canadians aged 15 and older provide care to family members or friends with health conditions?
One-quarter
Why is it mentioned that PSWs work long hours with increasingly complex home care clients?
Because of the lack of specialized training
What is the expected growth percentage of unpaid caregiver hours by 2050?
+43%
What is a common behavioral issue faced in nursing homes according to the text?
Hoarding personal possessions
What percentage of nursing home residents in Canada are estimated to have depressive symptoms?
44%
What is the impact of mood and anxiety disorders on nursing home residents?
Higher prevalence of depressive symptoms
Why is addressing the behavioral problems of nursing home residents considered challenging?
Invasive privacy violations and possession taking
What does the graph in the text indicate about the prevalence of selected health conditions among long-term care residents?
Increase between 2011–2012 and 2017–2018
What is a significant challenge related to maintaining quality of life for nursing home residents and a positive working environment for staff?
Addressing behavioral problems
What do the data regarding depressive symptoms in nursing home residents primarily reflect?
Symptoms of depression
Why is it noted that the data do not address how many residents meet criteria for major depressive disorder?
'Major depressive disorder' is more serious than depressive symptoms
What does the competence-press model predict regarding the adjustment of institutionalized persons?
The adjustment is optimal when competence matches the demands of the environment
In the context of the competence-press model, what characterizes an environment high in press?
High stimulation and high expectations for residents to be active
What does the boundary in the competence-press model represent?
The zone of maximum comfort and performance potential
What behavior is likely to occur as individuals move towards the edges of the competence-press model?
Negative affect and maladaptive behavior
What is a key characteristic of a highly competent resident in the competence-press model?
Ease in mobility, cognitive intactness, and relative freedom from depression
What would likely happen to adaptation as individuals move away from the middle zone in the competence-press model?
Adaptation will decrease as they move towards the middle zone
What role does stimulation play in determining press within an institutional environment?
Lower stimulation results in higher press levels
What outcomes are associated with individuals expressing maladaptive behavior according to the discussed model?
Negative affect and aggression towards staff
Test your knowledge about variables, data, data sets, parameters, and statistics with this quiz. Explore the characteristics and conditions that change, as well as the measurements and observations of variables.
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