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Questions and Answers
What are some common causes of mitral incompetence?
What are some common causes of mitral incompetence?
Cusp damage, floppy valve, Marfan syndrome, infective endocarditis, chordae, papillary muscle, valve ring
Define infective endocarditis.
Define infective endocarditis.
Infection of valve with formation of thrombotic vegetations. Virulence of organisms determines damage and severity of the clinical illness. Classified as acute and sub-acute. Bacteraemia is common.
What are the risk factors for infective endocarditis?
What are the risk factors for infective endocarditis?
Valve damage, bacteraemia from dental procedures, catheterisation, unknown sources, and intravenous drug abuse. Immunosuppression can also be a risk factor.
What are some local and systemic complications of infective endocarditis?
What are some local and systemic complications of infective endocarditis?
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Describe the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis.
Describe the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis.
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Define stenosis and incompetence.
Define stenosis and incompetence.
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What are the common causes of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?
What are the common causes of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?
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What is infective endocarditis?
What is infective endocarditis?
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Name some risk factors for infective endocarditis.
Name some risk factors for infective endocarditis.
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Describe the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis.
Describe the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis.
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Study Notes
Mitral Incompetence
- Causes: Cusp damage (e.g., rheumatic heart disease, floppy valve, Marfan syndrome), chordae damage, papillary muscle damage, valve ring damage
- Risks: Pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy, syncope, sudden cardiac death, dyspnea
Infective Endocarditis
- Definition: Infection of the valve with formation of thrombotic vegetations
- Classification: Acute and sub-acute
- Risk factors: Valve damage, bacteraemia (e.g., dental, catheterisation, IV drug abuse), immunosuppression
- Composition of a vegetation: Group D Streptococcus, gut commensals, skin Strep (e.g., Coxiella, fungi, Candida)
- Local and systemic complications: Immune, infective, thrombotic
Types of Infective Endocarditis
- Acute Native Valve Endocarditis: Aggressive disease, virulent organisms (e.g., Staph.aureus, group B streptococci)
- Subacute Native Valve Endocarditis: Indolent but may deteriorate, abnormal valves, alpha-haemolytic streptococci, enterococci
- Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: 10-20% of cases, 5% of mechanical and bio-prosthetic valves become infected
- IV Drug Abuse: 75% have no underlying valvular abnormalities, 50% involve the tricuspid valve, Staph.aureus most common
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
- Treat Strep. infection with antibiotics
- Prophylactic cover for invasive procedures (e.g., dental work)
- Replace damaged valves
- Clinical suspicion and signs
- Imaging (especially echocardiography)
- Blood culture
- Intravenous antibiotics
Valvular Heart Disease
- 10% of heart failure involves valve disease
- Primary and secondary problems
- Valve disease can affect all four valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary)
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Description
Test your knowledge on valvular heart disease with this quiz! Learn about the definitions of stenosis and incompetence, common causes of cardiac valve issues, and the risks and complications of infective endocarditis. Challenge yourself to identify probable causative organisms and understand the composition of a vegetation.