Valvular Heart Disease Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are some common causes of mitral incompetence?

Cusp damage, floppy valve, Marfan syndrome, infective endocarditis, chordae, papillary muscle, valve ring

Define infective endocarditis.

Infection of valve with formation of thrombotic vegetations. Virulence of organisms determines damage and severity of the clinical illness. Classified as acute and sub-acute. Bacteraemia is common.

What are the risk factors for infective endocarditis?

Valve damage, bacteraemia from dental procedures, catheterisation, unknown sources, and intravenous drug abuse. Immunosuppression can also be a risk factor.

What are some local and systemic complications of infective endocarditis?

Local complications include immune, infective, and thrombotic effects. Systemic complications can include embolization, septicemia, and other organ involvement. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis.

Diagnosis involves clinical suspicion, signs, imaging (especially echocardiography), and blood culture. Treatment includes antibiotics to treat the underlying infection and replacement of damaged valves. Prevention involves prophylactic antibiotic cover for invasive procedures and intravenous antibiotics. Signup and view all the answers

Define stenosis and incompetence.

Stenosis refers to the narrowing of the valve outlet caused by thickening of valve cusps, increased rigidity, or scarring. Incompetence (or insufficiency or regurgitation) occurs when valves close incompletely, allowing blood to flow backwards. Signup and view all the answers

What are the common causes of cardiac valve stenosis and incompetence?

The common causes include congenital heart disease (such as bicuspid valve, atresia), cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic, dilated), acquired conditions (such as rheumatic fever, myocardial infarction, age-related, idiopathic aortic calcific stenosis), and endocarditis. Signup and view all the answers

What is infective endocarditis?

Infective endocarditis is the inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, including the valves, caused by an infection. It is often associated with the formation of vegetations on the valves. Signup and view all the answers

Name some risk factors for infective endocarditis.

Some risk factors for infective endocarditis include intravenous drug use, presence of prosthetic valves, congenital heart defects, previous history of endocarditis, and certain medical procedures (such as dental procedures) in high-risk individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the principles of diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infective endocarditis.

The diagnosis of infective endocarditis involves clinical evaluation, blood cultures, echocardiography, and other imaging studies. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics to target the causative organism and may require surgical intervention in certain cases. Prevention involves prophylactic antibiotics for high-risk individuals undergoing certain medical procedures and maintaining good oral hygiene. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mitral Incompetence

Causes: Cusp damage (e.g., rheumatic heart disease, floppy valve, Marfan syndrome), chordae damage, papillary muscle damage, valve ring damage
Risks: Pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy, syncope, sudden cardiac death, dyspnea

Infective Endocarditis

Definition: Infection of the valve with formation of thrombotic vegetations
Classification: Acute and sub-acute
Risk factors: Valve damage, bacteraemia (e.g., dental, catheterisation, IV drug abuse), immunosuppression
Composition of a vegetation: Group D Streptococcus, gut commensals, skin Strep (e.g., Coxiella, fungi, Candida)
Local and systemic complications: Immune, infective, thrombotic

Types of Infective Endocarditis

Acute Native Valve Endocarditis: Aggressive disease, virulent organisms (e.g., Staph.aureus, group B streptococci)
Subacute Native Valve Endocarditis: Indolent but may deteriorate, abnormal valves, alpha-haemolytic streptococci, enterococci
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis: 10-20% of cases, 5% of mechanical and bio-prosthetic valves become infected
IV Drug Abuse: 75% have no underlying valvular abnormalities, 50% involve the tricuspid valve, Staph.aureus most common

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Treat Strep. infection with antibiotics
Prophylactic cover for invasive procedures (e.g., dental work)
Replace damaged valves
Clinical suspicion and signs
Imaging (especially echocardiography)
Blood culture
Intravenous antibiotics

Valvular Heart Disease

10% of heart failure involves valve disease
Primary and secondary problems
Valve disease can affect all four valves (mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonary)

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Description

Test your knowledge on valvular heart disease with this quiz! Learn about the definitions of stenosis and incompetence, common causes of cardiac valve issues, and the risks and complications of infective endocarditis. Challenge yourself to identify probable causative organisms and understand the composition of a vegetation.