Vacuno de Carne: Cebo de Terneros

Vacuno de Carne: Cebo de Terneros

• Identificación Individual: Animals are identified with codes (e.g., 9231) linked to the country and individual animal.

• Composición Corporal: The proportion of different body tissues (bone, tendon, muscle, fat, gastrointestinal tract (GIT), organs, blood, and hide) in relation to live weight gain is critical for analyzing growth. Data from Honig et al. (2022) provides insights.

• Índice de Conversión (IC): Calculated as the kilograms of feed consumed divided by the kilograms of weight gained. Ruminants have a higher IC compared to monogastric animals. Ruminants also consume more hay, generally around 10% of the total feed.

• Denominaciones de Venta: Different names for cattle products based on age and sex, like "ternera," "añojo," "novillo," "cebón," and "buey" differentiate products based on age and gender and the associated market demands.

Cría de Terneros Lactantes ("Mamones")

• Origen: Often males, with some females.

• Indicadores: Key data includes initial and final weights, days, average daily gain (GMD), conversion ratio (IC or IT), yield at the slaughterhouse, and the weight of the carcass.

• Dieta Inicial (0-5 semanas): Milk replacer complemented by starter feed.

• Dieta Posterior (>5 semanas): Starter feed, hay, or cereal or legume hay for growth to cow and calve categories.

Producción de Añojos

• Origen: Originate from cows of meat breeds with well-developed muscles and a later fattening pattern.

• Dieta: Similar to "ternera" diet – feed, hay, or ensiled grasses or silage.

Sistemas de Producción Alternativa de Ternera

• Métodos Alternativos: Include lactación with feed supplementation, and finishing with silage.

• Ventajas: Methods include returning carbon to the soil through grazing, fixation of nitrogen through legumes, less use of chemical fertilizers. Data from Orr et al. (2019) supports this section.

Alternativas de Dieta de Engorde

• Ensilage and Feed Combinations: Research shows varying percentages of ensilage of maize, grass, and hay mixed with concentrate feed to maximize weight gain and efficiency. Data from Moreno et al. (2012) shows the combinations are essential for efficient feed utilization.

Diferencias en la Dieta de Rumiantes

• Convencional vs. Ecológico: Conventional diets tend to prioritize a percentage of concentrated feed as opposed to the ecological diet which requires using 60% forage. Regulatory mandates (91/629/CEE) and (CE 889/2008) differentiate the standards.

Calendario de Cultivos Anuales

• Ensilage and Hay: Detailed calendars indicate timing for various agricultural activities for ensilaging and drying methods based on crop type and regionality (e.g., corn, alfalfa).

Censo de Terneros

• Production Types: Categorized by age and type of cattle production.

Tamaño y Distribución de Cebaderos

• Establishment Size: Data about the size of farms (quantity of animals, e.g. <20 animals to >=1001).

• Geographic Distribution: The total amount of animals and location is evaluated across various regions.

Movimientos Inter-regionales

• Regional Transportation: Data about the movement of animals between different regions for feeding and slaughter.

Tipos de Canales de Bovino

• Categorización: Different categories exist classifying based on age, sex, and features. These are categorized as "V" for less mature and "S," "A," "B," "C," "D," and "E" for mature categories.

Características Diferenciales de la Canal Según el Sexo

• Physical Differences: Significant differences exist in the musculature (muscle size, shapes) in the male and female cattle carcasses.

Escala Europea de Conformación y Engrasamiento

• Grading System: A European system for grading cattle (beef) based on conformation (e.g., Superior, Excellent) and finishing (e.g., Lean, Fat).

Distribución de Categorías de Canales

• Spanish and EU Breakdown: Data on the distribution across categories (conformation and fatness).

Distribución de Conformación y Engrasamiento

• Age-Specific Analyses: Data presented on the distribution across categories for "ternera" (young cattle) and "añojo" (older cattle), considering sex, age, and slaughter standards.

Tipos de Alojamientos

• Types of Structures: Includes open-air areas for exercise, and enclosed structures for rest and feeding.

• Additional Facilities: Details on specific structures (pens, feeding areas, and waste storage).

Diferencias en Condiciones de Alojamiento

• Ecological Practices: Specific requirements for space and outdoor access that differentiate from conventional methods.