Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of using adjuvants in vaccines?
What is the primary goal of using adjuvants in vaccines?
Which adjuvant is most commonly used in human vaccines?
Which adjuvant is most commonly used in human vaccines?
What form of immunological response is primarily induced by microbial PAMPs?
What form of immunological response is primarily induced by microbial PAMPs?
Which type of emulsions are used to form Water-in-Oil-in-Water systems?
Which type of emulsions are used to form Water-in-Oil-in-Water systems?
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What type of adjuvant formulation primarily uses oil-in-water emulsions?
What type of adjuvant formulation primarily uses oil-in-water emulsions?
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What is the primary purpose of herd immunity?
What is the primary purpose of herd immunity?
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What is the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) for measles?
What is the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) for measles?
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Which vaccine-preventable disease has the highest herd immunity threshold?
Which vaccine-preventable disease has the highest herd immunity threshold?
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Which phase of vaccine trials primarily focuses on assessing the optimal dose and route of administration?
Which phase of vaccine trials primarily focuses on assessing the optimal dose and route of administration?
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What is a characteristic feature of active immunity?
What is a characteristic feature of active immunity?
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Which regulatory body oversees the safety and efficacy of human vaccines in the United States?
Which regulatory body oversees the safety and efficacy of human vaccines in the United States?
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What is the herd immunity threshold for polio?
What is the herd immunity threshold for polio?
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Which system collects data on adverse events following vaccination in the United States?
Which system collects data on adverse events following vaccination in the United States?
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What is a significant reason for the re-emergence of certain infectious diseases?
What is a significant reason for the re-emergence of certain infectious diseases?
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What is the role of PAMPS in vaccine efficacy?
What is the role of PAMPS in vaccine efficacy?
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Which of the following best describes herd immunity?
Which of the following best describes herd immunity?
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Why is a malaria vaccine challenging to develop?
Why is a malaria vaccine challenging to develop?
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What is the typical efficacy range for most vaccines?
What is the typical efficacy range for most vaccines?
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Which factor contributes to the re-emergence of infectious diseases?
Which factor contributes to the re-emergence of infectious diseases?
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What characteristic of epitopes is crucial for effective vaccine design?
What characteristic of epitopes is crucial for effective vaccine design?
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Why is creating a malaria vaccine particularly challenging?
Why is creating a malaria vaccine particularly challenging?
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How does herd immunity protect individuals who are not immunized?
How does herd immunity protect individuals who are not immunized?
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Which vaccination failure contributed to outbreaks of whooping cough in the United States?
Which vaccination failure contributed to outbreaks of whooping cough in the United States?
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What term describes herd immunity specifically within a household?
What term describes herd immunity specifically within a household?
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Which disease has the lowest herd immunity threshold among the listed vaccine-preventable diseases?
Which disease has the lowest herd immunity threshold among the listed vaccine-preventable diseases?
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During which phase of vaccine trials is the efficacy assessed with larger populations?
During which phase of vaccine trials is the efficacy assessed with larger populations?
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Which organization is responsible for collecting data on adverse events related to vaccinations in the United States?
Which organization is responsible for collecting data on adverse events related to vaccinations in the United States?
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What does the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) for COVID-19 indicate?
What does the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) for COVID-19 indicate?
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What is a major safety concern associated with DNA vaccines?
What is a major safety concern associated with DNA vaccines?
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What is a notable advantage of DNA vaccines over mRNA vaccines?
What is a notable advantage of DNA vaccines over mRNA vaccines?
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Which of the following describes the primary function of adjuvants in vaccines?
Which of the following describes the primary function of adjuvants in vaccines?
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What characteristic makes mRNA vaccines particularly challenging for storage compared to DNA vaccines?
What characteristic makes mRNA vaccines particularly challenging for storage compared to DNA vaccines?
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What dual strategy does the 'perfect' adjuvant aim to achieve?
What dual strategy does the 'perfect' adjuvant aim to achieve?
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What is a notable disadvantage of modified-live vaccines?
What is a notable disadvantage of modified-live vaccines?
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Which type of vaccine is characterized by using a dead, non-replicating target?
Which type of vaccine is characterized by using a dead, non-replicating target?
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What is a common characteristic of inactivated vaccines compared to live vaccines?
What is a common characteristic of inactivated vaccines compared to live vaccines?
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What is a key concern with the use of toxoid vaccines?
What is a key concern with the use of toxoid vaccines?
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Which statement best describes the target population of subunit vaccines?
Which statement best describes the target population of subunit vaccines?
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Study Notes
Vaccine Types and Approaches
- Vaccines target specific parts of the pathogen to limit or stop infection.
- All vaccines must target the right part of the agent.
How Science Works vs. How Google Works
- The image shows a contrast between how science and Google operate.
- Science progresses through a structured system, while Google operates in a different data-driven method.
Efficacy
- Most vaccines are effective in 80-95% of immunized individuals.
- Vaccines contain protective epitopes (parts of antigens).
- These are typically 20-200 nm in size and enter the lymphatic system.
- These particles are taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and engage with B cells.
- These components are repetitive in nature and stimulate a cellular immune response.
- Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are present, allowing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate the immune system.
Prophylactic Vaccines
- Protect against diseases, not infection.
- Vaccines are a good defense against disease.
- Vaccination is safe.
- Adverse reactions are usually less severe than the disease itself.
Immune System Response to Invaders
- The humoral immune system is involved.
- The cellular immune system plays a key role involving neutrophils, macrophages, killer cells, natural killer cells, helper T cells, and cytotoxic T cells.
Vaccinations - Active vs. Passive
- Active vaccines allow the body to produce its own immune response with antibodies and memory.
- Examples include Moderna, Pfizer, and J&J COVID vaccines.
- Passive vaccines administer pre-formed antibodies or monoclonal antibodies.
- Examples include Regeneron's antibodies, Gilead's remdesivir, dexamethasone.
Herd Immunity
- A sufficient portion of a population is immune to an infectious disease, making the spread from person to person unlikely.
- Also known as community immunity.
- Herd immunity protects even unvaccinated people.
- Synonyms include community immunity, and coverage.
- Cocooning refers to achieving herd immunity within a household.
Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases
- Emerging diseases are new and not previously observed.
- Examples include HIV.
- Re-emerging diseases are old diseases returning.
- Examples include tuberculosis (TB) in the U.S.
- Factors include globalization, interactions between people and wildlife.
- Re-emergence can be due to lapses in hygiene or vaccinations or improper use of antibiotics.
Traditional Vaccines
- Live vaccines (live attenuated or heterologous) use a weakened form of the germ.
- Killed vaccines use inactivated pathogens.
- Subunit vaccines use antigenic parts of the pathogen.
- Toxoid vaccines use inactivated toxins.
- Recombinant DNA vaccines use genetic engineering.
Modified Live Vaccines
- These vaccines use live pathogens but weakened to avoid harm to the host.
- The methods may involve mutation, chemical treatment, and temperature sensitivity.
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
- They use a dead pathogen, but still present immunity.
- Method involves inactivation via physical or chemical treatment.
Subunit Vaccines
- These vaccines use pure proteins or other parts of a pathogen to stimulate an immune response.
- These parts can be cloned, synthesized, or extracted from the original pathogen.
- Vaccines use components to stimulate an immune response.
Recombinant Virus Vaccines
- These vaccines use a live vector (like the vaccinia virus).
- The process involves inserting pathogen genes into a safe virus vector.
- This "injects" the antigen into the host to produce an immune response.
DNA Vaccines
- These vaccines use genetic material (DNA) to carry a piece of the pathogen's DNA.
- This DNA produces an antigen or protein that triggers an immune response.
DNA Vaccine Plasmids
- These plasmids contain a eukaryotic promoter region, an antibiotic resistance gene (for selection of suitable cells used in the process), and intron region and the gene that codes for the antigen of interest to the immune system.
Why DNA Vaccination
- Inexpensive production.
- Thermostable (able to be lyophilized)
- Marker vaccines to measure surveillance and control measures.
DNA Vaccine Safety Issues
- Integration into the host genome and potential tumor induction.
- Induction of autoantibodies.
- Induction of tolerance.
Adjuvants
- These are agents added to a vaccine to enhance the production of an immune response.
- Used for over 80 years.
- The technologies are improving constantly.
- Recombinant proteins or peptides sometimes are poorly immunogenic without an adjuvant.
Different Adjuvants – Different Strategies
- Delivery: Carriers stabilize the vaccine antigen presence over time.
- Immune Potentiator: Creates direct stimulatory effects on immune cells, initiating an immune response through innate immune activation.
The "Perfect" Adjuvant
- Delivers both antigen to immune cells, and directly activates them.
- The goal is a strong and safe response.
- Effective, and safe are needed.
Alums
- Primarily aluminum adjuvants.
- Extensive use in veterinary vaccines.
- Commonly used in human vaccines.
- Strong Th2 response inducer.
- Examples include aluminum hydroxide and aluminum potassium sulfate (Alum).
- Used in toxoid formulations like the Clostridial vaccines.
Lipid/Oil Emulsions
- Detergent-stabilized oil and water emulsions.
- Precise mode of action isn't entirely understood.
- Used in animal vaccinations.
- Gaining more use in human vaccines.
Oil-Based Adjuvants
- Water-in-oil, oil-in-water, or water-in-oil-in-water formulations.
- Oil can be a good carrier of antigen, but some systems are better for prolonged localized effects.
- Oil-based adjuvants help deliver antigens to the immune cells.
W/O/W Adjuvant System
- Illustrates the different components in a water-in-oil-in-water system.
- Components include oil, antigens (proteins) of interest, and surfactant to stabilize the emulsion.
PRR and Other Ligands
- Patterns associated with microbes include PAMPs.
- PAMPs trigger immune responses.
- Microbe derived PAMPs induce adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation with the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Delivery Vehicles
- Membrane-bound phospholipid vesicles,
- ISCOMS (Immune Stimulating Complexes),
- Liposomes,
- Virosomes,
- Viral-like particles.
Vaccine Side Effects
- Common side effects are pain at injection site, sneezing/congestion, fatigue.
- Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) monitors adverse reactions.
- Various unsubstantiated urban legends exist.
- MMR vaccine is not linked to autism.
Future Vaccines
- Potential to develop vaccines against various diseases including HIV, Ebola etc.
- Also, future possibilities include therapeutic vaccines targeting cancers.
- Autoimmune and allergy treatment are future possibilities.
Vaccine Summary
- Whole organism: uses whole pathogens.
- Modified live: weakened but live pathogens.
- Inactivated: dead pathogens.
- Subunit: uses parts of the pathogen.
- Recombinant live: inserts pathogen genes into vectors.
- DNA: uses genetic material to produce an antigen.
- Adjuvants: enhance immune response.
- Vaccine usage and side effects.
Types of Vaccines and their Pros and Cons
- Tables outlining different vaccine types, their descriptions, pros, and cons.
Next Lecture
- Covers types of vaccines.
- Explores the mechanisms of how vaccines work.
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Description
Explore various vaccine types, their efficacy, and the immune responses they provoke. This quiz emphasizes the contrast between scientific methods and data-driven approaches like those used by Google. Get ready to test your knowledge on prophylactic vaccines and how they protect against diseases.
