Vaccine Types and Efficacy Overview

<p>Aqueous droplets within an oil phase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MF59 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect individuals who cannot be vaccinated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>12-18 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It results from direct exposure to pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80-86% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laxity in vaccination program adherence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They activate the immune system through TLR interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protection provided to non-vaccinated individuals through community immunity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Too many potential vaccine targets exist. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80-95% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper antibiotic use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They should be repetitive in nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The malaria parasite has a complex life cycle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By limiting the spread of the disease within the community (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Laxity in vaccination program adherence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cocooning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mumps (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phase II (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It has a potential spread of 1-6 individuals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integration into the host cell genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower production costs and scalability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance immune responses to antigens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are extremely unstable and require very low temperatures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stabilize antigen presence and induce innate immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a risk of reversion to virulence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inactivated vaccines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have a lower risk of causing infection. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can lead to hypersensitivity reactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They utilize proteins purified from wild-type organisms or those expressed in vitro. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Community immunity; a concept where a high percentage of a population is immune to a disease, protecting those who can't be immunized.

The average number of people one infected person will infect.

The percentage of a population that needs immunity to prevent a disease outbreak.

Stages of testing a vaccine, from small to large trials, followed by real-world monitoring of vaccine safety and efficacy once licensed.

How well a vaccine prevents a disease.

How little adverse events a vaccine potentially causes.

Standards and approval process by the Center for Veterinary Biologics for animal vaccines.

The complex body system that recognizes and mounts a response to foreign substances such as antigens.

To activate only the necessary elements of the immune response for protection and avoid a generalized immune response, ensuring effective and safe immunity.

Primarily used aluminum adjuvants, commonly found in veterinary and human vaccines, known for strong induction of Th2 responses.

Emulsions of oil and water, acting as depots and inducers of MHC responses, particularly used in veterinary and increasingly in human vaccines.

Different types of oil-based adjuvants used in veterinary vaccines, classified based on water and oil distribution: W/O, O/W, and W/O/W.

Microbial derivatives, like PAMPs, LPS, and CpG, act as ligands that engage pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate the immune response.

Infectious diseases that were previously controlled but are now becoming more common again.

Reasons for the return of infectious diseases include combinations of infections, improper antibiotic use, and weakened vaccination programs.

Specific parts of antigens that trigger an immune response and provide protection against disease.

Effective vaccines contain protective epitopes from protective antigens, are particulate, and have repetitive structures to activate the immune system effectively.

Re-emerging diseases happen due to factors like combinations of infections, improper antibiotic use, and weakened vaccination programs.

Developing a malaria vaccine is difficult because the parasite has many targets and rapidly evolves, making it hard to create a vaccine that works consistently.

A type of vaccine that uses a weakened version of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response. The pathogen is modified to be less virulent but still able to replicate.

A type of vaccine that uses a weakened version of the pathogen that can replicate but not cause disease, creating a strong immune response.

A type of vaccine that uses a dead or inactive version of the pathogen, which can't replicate but still triggers an immune response.

A vaccine that uses only specific parts (subunits) of the pathogen, like proteins or antigens, to trigger an immune response.

A vaccine that uses inactivated toxins produced by the pathogen, to trigger an immune response.

Vaccines using weakened or harmless viruses to deliver specific antigen proteins into the body's immune system, triggering an immune response.

Vaccines containing genetic material (DNA) encoding an antigen, which instructs cells to produce the antigen, eliciting an immune response.

Vaccines utilizing messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding an antigen, directing cells to produce the antigen and stimulate an immune response.

A substance added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response to the vaccine antigen, helping trigger a stronger and more effective immune response.

Adjuvants are used to enhance the immune response to vaccine antigens, particularly for those that are poorly immunogenic, leading to more effective and long-lasting protection.