41 Questions
Who is attributed to the modern immunology and the development of vaccination?
Edward Jenner
What did Edward Jenner show protected individuals from smallpox?
Cowpox (Vaccinia)
What was the biggest epidemic ever recorded in history?
European Plague of mid 1300’s
Which two diseases introduced by Europeans contributed to the disappearance of the Aztec civilization in South America?
Measles and Smallpox
What was the Pasteur Principle devised by Pasteur in the 1880’s?
Vaccine development: ISOLATE INACTIVATE INJECT
What was the global reduction in polio cases due to vaccination from 1998-2002?
Reduced global incidence by over 99% from 350,000/yr to around 800/yr cases
What was the success of smallpox vaccination attributed to?
Probably the most single effective healthcare initiative in history
What are the essential characteristics of vaccines?
Effective protection without causing disease or severe side effects, long-lasting protection, correct stimulation of immune response, and affordability for widespread use
What are the types of vaccines mentioned in the text?
Live, attenuated, killed, extract, recombinant, and DNA vaccines
Which types of vaccines have been identified as the most effective?
Live or attenuated vaccines
What is herd immunity and what has led to a vulnerability to diseases like measles?
Herd immunity is the beneficial impact of vaccination. Falling vaccination rates have led to a pool of unimmunized individuals vulnerable to diseases like measles
What vaccines are included in the current UK vaccination schedule?
DTaP/IPV/Hib, Men C, MMR, BCG, pneumococcal, and flu vaccines at specific ages
What is the process of Reverse Vaccinology for MenB?
It involves sequencing the whole bacterial genome, identifying candidate genes, expressing them in E.coli bacteria, and identifying vaccine candidates for clinical trials
What are some of the emerging challenges in vaccination mentioned in the text?
Potential threats like H5N1 avian flu, SARS coronavirus, and West Nile Virus, with origins of new challenges traced to nonhuman primate origin and animal markets
What role do dendritic cells play in vaccination?
Dendritic cells express Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) like Toll-like receptors, which play a crucial role in activating T cells and increasing their ability to capture and process antigens
What is the defect in the gene coding for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR)?
Defect in gene coding for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) located on chromosome 7
What is the commonest autosomal recessive condition?
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
What is the minimum sweat volume for diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis?
Minimum sweat volume
What is the sweat chloride concentration indicating Cystic Fibrosis?
Sweat chloride concentration > 60mmol/l
What are the symptoms associated with Cystic Fibrosis?
Symptomatic Meconium ileus, Recurrent chest infections, Diarrhoea/constipation, Growth faltering, Hypernatremic dehydration, Liver dysfunction, Intussusception, Pancreatitis, Diabetes, Infertility
What are the common viruses associated with Cystic Fibrosis?
Flu, Rhinovirus
What are the common bacteria associated with Cystic Fibrosis?
S.Aureus, H.Influenzae, Pseudomonas, B. Cepacia
What is the treatment for Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection at age 7?
3 weeks of oral ciprofloxacin and 3 months of nebulised colomycin
What was the treatment for Mycobacterium Kansasii infection at age 10?
18 months of INH/EMB/Clari
At what age did the individual experience Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA)?
Age 12
What technique is used for newborn screening of Cystic Fibrosis?
Pilocarpine iontophoresis technique
Explain the normal host defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract and how they influence infection.
The normal host defense mechanisms of the respiratory tract include mucociliary clearance, cough reflex, and immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. These mechanisms help to prevent infection by clearing pathogens from the respiratory system.
What are the infective agents that can cause respiratory tract infections?
Respiratory tract infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria (both typical and atypical), other bacteria such as Mycobacteria and Actinomyces, fungi, and parasites.
Describe the clinical features of respiratory tract infections.
Clinical features of respiratory tract infections can include symptoms such as cough, fever, shortness of breath, chest pain, sputum production, and general malaise. The specific features depend on the type and location of the infection.
What are the main treatment modalities for respiratory tract infections?
The main treatment modalities for respiratory tract infections include antibiotics for bacterial infections, antivirals for viral infections, supportive care such as rest and hydration, and in some cases, antifungal or antiparasitic medications.
What are some future directions of care for respiratory tract infections mentioned in the text?
Future directions of care for respiratory tract infections include the use of rapid diagnostics, sequencing technologies, and consideration of health economics in the diagnosis and management of pneumonia.
Describe the role of CPAP in the treatment of respiratory failure.
CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) helps keep the airways open and improves oxygenation in patients with respiratory failure.
What is the significance of Baricitinib in the management of respiratory tract infections?
Baricitinib is effective when used in addition to steroids/tocilizumab for respiratory tract infections, possibly due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
List some of the drugs currently under investigation for the treatment of respiratory tract infections.
High dose dexamethasone, empagliflozin, molnupiravir, Paxlovid, and Sotrovimab are among the drugs under investigation for respiratory tract infections.
How does the CURB65 scoring system contribute to the management of pneumonia cases?
The CURB65 scoring system provides prognostic information for pneumonia cases, aiding in decision-making for patient care.
What are some key considerations in the treatment of pneumonia?
Key considerations in pneumonia treatment include antibiotic resistance, stewardship, health economics, and time to clinical stability, highlighting the complexity of managing this condition.
Name two specific medications that have shown varying levels of effectiveness in treating respiratory infections?
dexamethasone, remdesivir, tocilizumab, and REGN-COV2 monoclonal antibodies
What is sepsis and what causes it?
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
What are the essential components of the treatment for bronchiectasis and lung abscess?
Bronchiectasis and lung abscess require specific treatments like airway clearance, antibiotics, and surgical intervention.
What are the key factors used to establish the appropriate treatment and care plan for respiratory infections?
Clinical presentation and severity scores are used to establish the appropriate treatment and care plan for respiratory infections.
What are the different types of respiratory infections mentioned in the overview?
COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis, and lung abscess
Study Notes
Vaccines: Types, Challenges, and Current UK Vaccination Schedule
- Essential characteristics of vaccines include effective protection without causing disease or severe side effects, long-lasting protection, correct stimulation of immune response, and affordability for widespread use
- Types of vaccines include live (capable of normal infection and replication), attenuated (reduced ability to cause disease), killed (incapable of infection or replication), extract (derived from disrupted organism), recombinant (genetically engineered), and DNA (naked DNA injected)
- The most effective vaccines have been live or attenuated, as they closely resemble normal infection and stimulate the immune response effectively
- Herd immunity is the beneficial impact of vaccination, but falling vaccination rates have led to a pool of unimmunized individuals vulnerable to diseases like measles
- The current UK vaccination schedule includes DTaP/IPV/Hib, Men C, MMR, BCG, pneumococcal, and flu vaccines at specific ages
- Other UK vaccinations are offered to elderly and at-risk individuals, with constantly changing advice for travel vaccinations
- Reverse Vaccinology for MenB involves sequencing the whole bacterial genome, identifying candidate genes, expressing them in E.coli bacteria, and identifying vaccine candidates for clinical trials
- The emerging challenges in vaccination include potential threats like H5N1 avian flu, SARS coronavirus, and West Nile Virus, with origins of new challenges traced to nonhuman primate origin and animal markets
- Infectious diseases over the last decade have been linked to the handling of bush meat, animal markets, and the food chain
- Dendritic cells in vaccination express Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) like Toll-like receptors, which play a crucial role in activating T cells and increasing their ability to capture and process antigens
- The text highlights significant historical outbreaks of infectious diseases like Spanish Flu, Asian Flu, Hong Kong Flu, and the spread of West Nile Virus across the USA
- The changing face of vaccination is evident in the molecular biological advances, emerging challenges, and the constantly evolving nature of travel vaccinations and disease threats
Respiratory Infection and Treatment Overview
- Different types of respiratory infections include COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis, and lung abscess.
- Infections provoke an inflammatory response, which may be damaging.
- Tools are required to differentiate infection from inflammation in respiratory infections.
- Basic microbiology and respiratory antibiotics are essential in the treatment of respiratory infections.
- Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
- Standards of care for respiratory infections are updated and defined by various guidelines and organizations.
- Treatments for respiratory infections vary based on the type and severity, with considerations for underlying diagnoses and comorbidities.
- Bronchiectasis and lung abscess require specific treatments like airway clearance, antibiotics, and surgical intervention.
- Clinical presentation and severity scores are used to establish the appropriate treatment and care plan for respiratory infections.
- COVID-19-specific treatments and considerations, including involvement in clinical research trials, are crucial in managing respiratory infections.
- Specific medications such as dexamethasone, remdesivir, tocilizumab, and REGN-COV2 monoclonal antibodies have shown varying levels of effectiveness in treating respiratory infections.
- Various abbreviations and medical terms related to respiratory infections, such as ARDS, CPAP, and SOFA, are used in the context of treatment and care planning.
Test your knowledge of vaccines, from types and challenges to the current UK vaccination schedule. Learn about essential vaccine characteristics, types of vaccines, the impact of falling vaccination rates, and emerging challenges. Explore the UK vaccination schedule and the molecular biological advances shaping the changing face of vaccination.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
