Middle East
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the main reasons the Middle East is frequently mentioned in the news?

Conflict

What is the source of much of the tension in the Middle East?

The struggle over Palestine

Where did the conflict in the Middle East originate?

The rise of Arab and Jewish nationalism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries

What worsened the conflict in the region during the Cold War?

<p>The United States and the Soviet Union supplied arms to Middle Eastern countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major resource that was a source of wealth and power drew international attention to the Middle East?

<p>Oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the state of most of the Middle East at end of the 19th century?

<p>Part of the Ottoman Empire.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arab population of the Ottoman Empire desired self-rule during the 19th Century.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did Arab nationalists support Turkey during World War I?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Britain aim to do to weaken Turkey during World War I?

<p>Encourage an Arab revolt in the Ottoman Empire</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the British government official that sent letters to an Arab leader in 1915-1916?

<p>McMahon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Arab leader Sharif Husayn of Mecca?

<p>An Arab Leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did McMahon state in his letters to Sharif Husayn?

<p>Britain would recognize and support the independence of the Arabs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

McMahon's letters made specific mention of the future Arab state's borders.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did the Arab Revolt against the Turks begin?

<p>1916</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arab Revolt was a decisive victory for the Arabs.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arab nationalists felt betrayed by Britain after the Arab Revolt.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical precedent did the Jews have for residing in Palestine?

<p>Biblical Times</p> Signup and view all the answers

What group expelled the Jews from Palestine nearly 2000 years ago?

<p>Romans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a diaspora?

<p>The dispersal of people from homelands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jews faced persecution and discrimination in only Tsarist Russia.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pogrom?

<p>A violent attack against a particular group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Jews flee to Western Europe and the United States?

<p>To escape persecution and anti-Semitism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did Jewish communities feel safe from anti-Semitism in Western Europe?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What made the Jews' situation worse during the rise of nationalism in Europe?

<p>Jews were seen as outsiders and foreigners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question began to arise amongst Jewish people due to their minority status?

<p>Whether they would ever be safe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the Austrian-Jewish journalist that helped to shape the Zionist movement?

<p>Theodor Herzl</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event marked the beginning of the Zionist Movement?

<p>The first Zionist Congress held in Switzerland in 1897.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Zionist Movement?

<p>To create a home for the Jewish people in Palestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A significant number of Jews had already settled in Palestine before the Zionist Movement gained momentum.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where did the majority of Jews who had settled in Palestine prior to the Zionist Movement come from?

<p>Russia</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Zionist Movement was a powerful force during the First World War.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the population did the Jewish community in Palestine represent during the First World War's beginning?

<p>Less than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Zionist Movement aim for, besides an independent state, during the First World War?

<p>International support for their aim.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the name of the letter that signified British support for the Zionist movement, written in 1917?

<p>The Balfour Declaration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the British Zionists who secured the Balfour Declaration?

<p>Chaim Weizmann</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Balfour Declaration contained a promise of Jewish state in Palestine without any limitations.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The promises made in McMahon's letters to the Arabs conflicted with the Balfour Declaration.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Zionists view the Balfour Declaration?

<p>As an indication of British support for their cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Arab nationalists question regarding the Balfour Declaration?

<p>Britain's right to approve the establishment of a Jewish state in Arab Palestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arab nationalists' concerns stemmed from Britain's previous support for Arab independence.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Britain's ambition in the Middle East?

<p>To maintain stability and control in the key region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Suez Canal's importance diminished after the discovery of oil in the Middle East.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Britain and France make a secret agreement to divide the Ottoman Empire?

<p>May 1916</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secret agreement was made after the Arab Revolt had begun.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Balfour Declaration was made before the secret agreement between Britain and France.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area, according to the secret agreement, would be under British control?

<p>Palestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contradictory agreements made by Britain during World War I sparked later conflict over Palestine?

<p>The agreements regarding the Arab Revolt, the Balfour Declaration, and the secret agreement with France.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What area did France control after the war?

<p>Syria and Lebanon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What areas did Britain gain control over after the war?

<p>Iraq, Transjordan (later Jordan), and Palestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saudi Arabia became a British mandate after World War I.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arab nationalists' hopes of independence and unity were fulfilled after World War I.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the population of Palestine in 1920?

<p>Around 700 000</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many Jews were living in Palestine in 1920?

<p>Only 60 000</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Zionist Organisation's goal?

<p>To create a Jewish majority in Palestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What agency was set up by the Zionist Organisation to manage Jewish affairs in Palestine?

<p>The Jewish Agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Immigration to Palestine was rapid and widespread in the early 1920s.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Jewish immigration to Palestine increase dramatically after 1933?

<p>To escape from the Nazi race policies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Arab opposition to Jewish immigration grew as more immigrants arrived in Palestine.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Arabs organize in 1936?

<p>A general strike</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event followed the Arab general strike in 1936?

<p>A three-year Arab uprising</p> Signup and view all the answers

Was the Arab uprising suppressed harshly by the British?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Was the British Mandate able to satisfy the demands of both Jews and Arabs?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The looming threat of another world war against Germany further complicated the situation.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Britain seek to secure during this turbulent period?

<p>The support of the Arabs</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Britain seek to secure the support of the Arabs?

<p>To prevent the Suez Canal and oil supplies from falling into enemy hands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Britain take to limit Jewish immigration in 1939?

<p>Britain announced that there would be strict limits on Jewish immigration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Zionists welcomed Britain's decision to limit Jewish immigration.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did some Zionist groups aim to do after Britain limited Jewish immigration?

<p>Fight to force Britain to withdraw and seize power to establish a Jewish state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did the Zionists succeed in their plans to force Britain out of Palestine?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate number of Jewish refugees in Europe at the end of World War II?

<p>Thousands</p> Signup and view all the answers

Did Britain allow the Jewish refugees to immigrate to Palestine after World War II?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The international community widely condemned Britain's policy of restricting Jewish immigration.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Zionists intensify their efforts to establish a Jewish state after World War II?

<p>By smuggling immigrants into Palestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What campaign did the Zionists launch to gain support for their cause?

<p>A propaganda campaign in the United States.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which extremist Zionist group used terror tactics to force the British to give up the mandate?

<p>Groups such as the Irgun and the Lehi (Stern Gang)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did these Zionist groups attack?

<p>Targets such as British military bases, police stations, railway lines, and bridges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most daring attack by these Zionist groups?

<p>Blowing up the King David Hotel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organization of independent Arab states was formed in 1945 to counter the growing Zionist influence?

<p>The Arab League</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arab League urged Britain to change its policy and oppose the establishment of a Jewish state.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jewish refugees were permitted to disembark from the ships that brought them to Palestine.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

To whom did the British government hand over the issue of Palestine after the violence escalated?

<p>The United Nations (UN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What committee was established to investigate the issue of Palestine by the UN?

<p>UNSCOP (UN Special Committee on Palestine)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did UNSCOP recommend regarding Palestine?

<p>The partition of Palestine into two separate states - one Arab and one Jewish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Zionists rejected the UN partition plan.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Arabs accepted the partition plan.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the UN formally accept regarding the partition plan?

<p>The partition plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Britain announce regarding Palestine after the UN's decision?

<p>Its withdrawal from Palestine in May 1948</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did the UN partition plan set aside areas for the Arab and Jewish states?

<p>1947</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Middle East Conflict Summary

  • The Middle East is frequently in the news due to conflict.
  • A major source of tension is the struggle over Palestine and who controls it.
  • Nationalism (Arab and Jewish) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries fueled the conflict.
  • The Cold War exacerbated the conflict, as superpowers supplied arms to Middle Eastern countries.
  • Oil's significant role in the region is notable.
  • The Middle East's oil reserves are a substantial source of global wealth and power.

Origins of Arab and Jewish Nationalism

  • The Middle East, including Palestine, was part of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Arab people desired self-governance.
  • Arab nationalists saw WWI as an opportunity for independence.
  • Britain supported the Arab revolt to weaken the Ottoman Empire.
  • British promises to Arabs were vague regarding future borders.
  • The Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire began in June 1916.
  • Some Arabs expected Britain to honor its promises of support for Arab independence.

Zionism and the Balfour Declaration

  • Jews had resided in Palestine in biblical times but were expelled by the Romans.
  • Jewish communities were dispersed throughout the Middle East, Europe, and North Africa.
  • Anti-Semitism in Europe was prevalent, particularly in Tsarist Russia.
  • The Zionist movement emerged as a response to Jewish persecution.
  • Theodor Herzl led the first Zionist Congress in 1897.
  • The goal was to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
  • The Balfour Declaration (1917) expressed British support for a "national home for the Jewish people in Palestine."
  • This declaration conflicted with prior promises to the Arabs.

The British Mandate in Palestine

  • Britain was motivated to maintain stability and control over the region.
  • The Suez Canal and newly discovered oil reserves were key factors.
  • A secret agreement (1916) existed between Britain and France to divide the Ottoman Empire.
  • Contradictory agreements regarding Palestine arose during WWI.
  • Conflict over Palestine resulted from these agreements.
  • After WWI, Palestine was under British mandate.
  • Some Jews in Palestine, aided by the British, increased in number.
  • The Jewish Agency (1920) oversaw Jewish affairs.
  • The 1939 immigration restrictions angered many Zionists.

The 1948 War and the Partition Plan

  • Violence in Palestine led the British to relinquish control to the UN.
  • The UN proposed a partition plan for Palestine into Arab and Jewish states.
  • The Zionists accepted the plan despite reservations.
  • The plan was rejected by the Arabs.
  • Britain departed Palestine in May 1948.

Israeli statehood and the Palestinian refugees

  • The Jewish Agency declared the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948.
  • The Arab-Israeli War ensued immediately.
  • Israel gained control of a greater portion of Palestine than outlined in the partition plan.
  • About 760,000 Palestinians fled.
  • Many refugee camps were established.

Interpretations of the 1948 War

  • Israelis view the 1948 war as a war of independence.
  • Palestinians refer to it as al-Nakba ("the catastrophe").
  • Historians have diverse views on the war's causes, reasons for Israel's victory, and responsibility for Palestinian displacement.

The Arab-Israeli Conflict (After 1948)

  • Subsequent wars between Israel and Arab states followed the 1948 war.
  • The 1967 War resulted in even further territorial gains for Israel.
  • Additional conflicts, like the Yom Kippur War, occurred, resulting in additional political issues for both parties.
  • Peace efforts, including the Camp David Accords, were attempted, but the conflict lingered.

The Intifadas

  • The Intifada (Palestine uprising) began in 1987 due to growing Palestinian frustration with Israeli occupation.
  • The 2000 Intifada continued the cycles of violence.
  • Secret negotiations occurred, leading to the Oslo Accords in 1993, but the conflict, continued.

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