Medical Microbiology

<p>Take advantage of the weakened immune system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutualism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They do not typically cause diseases in healthy individuals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can become harmful if the host’s health declines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gut (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It blocks the release of acetylcholine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial gastroenteritis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-negative bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause overdrive immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chili sauce. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guillain-Barré Syndrome. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exotoxins are generally more toxic than endotoxins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By stimulating excessive immune cell activation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produces antibodies against bacterial sugars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Via airborne droplets (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents active disease after infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Immediate antibiotic treatment for everyone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Requires combination therapies with multiple drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their waxy mycolic acid content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differences in temperature and pH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dental caries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptococcus mutans (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance food digestion and energy extraction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large intestine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saliva's glycoproteins facilitating bacterial adhesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They grow extensively in thick dental plaque. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide a favorable environment for bacterial growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By contributing to nutrient absorption and immune function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some may survive if they are in food particles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Living bacteria and their byproducts in a matrix (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Desquamation and peristalsis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Colonization from the surrounding environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sugar is fermented to produce lactic acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through mechanisms like peristalsis and mucus movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To assist in pathogen survival and promote pathogenicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lethal dose that kills 50% of test subjects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaluronidase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By forming a protective fibrin coating. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytolytic toxins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To grab iron and assist in bacterial growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower LD50 indicates higher virulence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents transfer of amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To facilitate adherence to host tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superantigen toxins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They degrade the integrity of red blood cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They promote growth of the bacteria in the gut. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, fluoroquinolone, and at least one injectable second-line drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Very young individuals and the elderly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To enhance the body's ability to recognize and respond to specific antigens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular exercise. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prepare the immune system to recognize specific pathogens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccination of a significant portion of the population to protect vulnerable groups. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flu viruses can mutate, requiring updated vaccines. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocyte-driven innate immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compromised immune function due to other conditions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The entire population must be vaccinated for herd immunity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms that live on the body surfaces of healthy individuals.

Microbes regularly found at a given anatomical site.

The human body is a diverse environment with specific niches where microbes reside. Most are benign.

A high concentration of microbes occurs in the gut, having a large surface area for microbes to occupy

Describes the way microbes interact within the normal flora. Either bacteria or people benefit without direct harm or assistance.

Microbes that may cause disease under specific circumstances, such as when immune systems are weakened or damaged.

A considerable but smaller microbial community lives on the skin.

Microbial count vastly outnumbers human cells.

Microbes in the mouth attach to teeth and gums, forming a sticky layer called dental plaque.

Some bacteria in plaque produce acid that can dissolve tooth enamel, leading to cavities (caries).

A type of bacteria commonly associated with tooth decay.

Community of microorganisms in the mouth.

The digestive tract, including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

Most microbes are killed in the acidic environment of the stomach.

Contains the largest microbial population in the body, mostly anaerobic bacteria.

Mucous membranes are surfaces where bacteria can easily enter the body; causing potential infection.

A complex community of microorganisms in a sticky matrix.

Bacteria that don't require oxygen to survive.

Bacteria can help break down food and provide energy.

An organism that causes disease.

Muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Shedding of cells or tissues.

A serious illness caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria. It can cause muscle weakness, paralysis, and even death.

A neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria that prevents the release of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter essential for muscle contraction, leading to muscle paralysis.

A form of botulism that affects infants under one year old, usually from consuming honey or other contaminated foods containing spores of Clostridium botulinum.

Toxins that stimulate an excessive immune response by activating a large number of immune cells, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

Toxins found in the cell wall of certain gram-negative bacteria. They are released when the bacteria die.

A common foodborne pathogen, primarily found in poultry, that can cause gastroenteritis and in rare cases, Guillain-Barré syndrome, a paralytic disorder.

A rare but serious autoimmune disorder that attacks the nervous system, leading to paralysis. It can be triggered by infections, including Campylobacter jejuni.

An inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. It can lead to diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and fever.

Certain bacteria, such as Campylobacter jejuni, have LPS components that resemble human gangliosides, sugars found in the nervous system. This resemblance can lead the immune system to mistakenly attack human cells, often causing serious complications.

The immune system, designed to target foreign invaders, can sometimes misidentify self-components as threats. This leads to an autoimmune reaction where the body attacks its own tissues, often caused by cross-reactivity with bacterial mimics.

Many infectious diseases spread through aerosols, tiny particles suspended in the air. These particles, carrying pathogens, are inhaled and can infect others.

The respiratory system, including the upper and lower airways, offers distinct environments. Different pathogens thrive in specific niches based on factors like temperature, airflow, and pH.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes Tuberculosis, a serious infectious disease. The bacteria is characterized by its waxy cell wall containing mycolic acid, making it 'acid-fast' under microscopy.

Tuberculosis is spread primarily through airborne droplets. When an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks, these droplets, containing bacteria, can infect others.

Tuberculosis is treated with a combination of antimicrobial drugs, often including isoniazid or rifampin. Treatment usually requires a long regimen, typically nine months, to ensure eradication of the bacteria.

MDR TB occurs when the tuberculosis bacteria develops resistance to at least two of the most potent TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampin. This makes treatment more challenging and often requires alternative therapies.

A rare form of MDR TB that is resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, any fluoroquinolone, and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs.

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin.

Factors that increase the likelihood of getting infected with TB. These include compromised immune systems, age, stress, diet, lifestyle choices, and genetics.

An individual with a weakened immune system, more susceptible to infection.

The immune system's ability to recognize and target specific pathogens like TB, providing protection.

Once the immune system encounters and defeats a pathogen, it remembers it, enabling a faster and stronger response in the future.

The process of introducing weakened or inactivated pathogens (vaccines) into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing disease.

A significant portion of the population is immune, reducing the spread of a disease, protecting those who cannot be vaccinated.

The complete elimination of a disease from the world.

Flu viruses constantly mutate, requiring new vaccines each year to provide effective protection against the latest strains.

The interaction between the surface of a pathogen and the surface of a host cell, often the first step in infection.

Traits or mechanisms that enable a pathogen to cause disease, such as toxins, enzymes, or structures for attachment.

The process by which a pathogen enters and spreads throughout the host's body, often via the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

The lethal dose 50, the amount of a pathogen that kills 50% of a test group.

Pathogens that require a relatively small number of cells to cause death in a test group.

An enzyme produced by some pathogens that breaks down hyaluronic acid, a substance that cements animal cells together, allowing pathogens to spread.

An enzyme that allows bacteria to coat themselves with fibrin, a protein involved in blood clotting, which helps protect them from the immune system.

Segments of DNA that can move within or between genomes, often carrying genes for virulence factors.

A molecule secreted by certain bacteria that binds iron, a vital nutrient for bacterial growth.

A toxin that affects the small intestine, causing diarrhea, vomiting, and other symptoms.

Toxins that damage cell membranes, leading to cell lysis (bursting) and death.

Cytolytic toxins that specifically break down red blood cells, producing a clear zone around bacterial colonies on blood agar plates.

Toxins composed of two subunits: a binding subunit (B) that attaches to a host cell receptor and a toxic subunit (A) that enters the cell and causes damage.

An AB toxin that inhibits protein synthesis by ribosylating elongation factor 2 (EF-2), a key protein for translation.