Utilitarianism and Jeremy Bentham

<p>Pleasure and pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual happiness does not have more weight than collective happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing pleasure or happiness and preventing pain or suffering</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Measuring happiness through calculating utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleasure and pain are indicators of moral rightness or wrongness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The consequences of the action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The moral quality of an action depends on the specific circumstances and consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To create and modify laws based on changing social circumstances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intention refers to the agent's desired consequences, while motive refers to the agent's underlying reasons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motive has no bearing on the morality of the action, but it affects the worth of the agent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rights are established and enforced by the government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saving someone from drowning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The morality of an action depends entirely on the agent's intention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good and bad consequences can arise from any motive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both B and C are correct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual liberty is necessary for maximizing overall happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both good and bad consequences can arise from any motive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because we recognize them as superior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The freedom to pursue one's own good without harming others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether it affects others or their happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether some actions are intrinsically wrong, regardless of their consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When they are alone and their actions do not affect others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because we like it more than lesser entertainments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual liberty</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether to maximize immediate or long-term happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism argues that social choices inherently involve trading off a certain number of lives for other benefits and conveniences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To foresee and consider the consequences of actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fails to respect individual rights in favor of collective preferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism considers torture morally permissible if it maximizes overall well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies that utilitarianism recognizes the inherent trade-offs involved in social choices that impact human life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It obstructs clear thinking and rational social choice according to utilitarianism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual preferences should be counted along with everyone else's preferences in determining collective well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism prioritizes collective well-being over individual rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The consequences relative to circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Social circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive laws</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intention behind the action</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it engages our highest faculties and makes us more fully human</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Freedom to pursue one's own good in one's own way without impeding others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They only come into play when others are affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is nothing intrinsically wrong, including acts like homosexuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>We prefer them because they are inherently better</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Only when others are directly affected by an individual's actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'When the happiness of other people is at stake'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prioritizes societal happiness over individual liberty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From any motive, good, bad, or indifferent actions may proceed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To receive payment</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires no faculty other than imitation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual liberty is essential for the full development of human faculties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural law is based on inherent human rights, while positive law is created by governing authorities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bentham rejected the concept of natural law, considering it to be nonsensical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive law is explicit, written, and has specific restrictions that apply at a certain time and place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The source of natural rights can be God, nature, reason, or other philosophical concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bentham rejected the concept of natural rights and advocated for positive rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To govern an organized society by specifying actions and restrictions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a taboo that obstructs clear thinking and rational social choice</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual rights are less important than the collective well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To foresee the consequences of actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilitarianism would condone torture if it maximizes overall happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maximize collective happiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual preferences are considered but not the primary concern</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consequences are the sole basis for determining moral actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conformity to custom and convention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Stuart Mill</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A lack of freedom in development</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respecting individual liberty over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Good motives can lead to bad consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of human faculties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The right course of action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Everyone's preferences should be weighed equally, without judging their validity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By measuring, aggregating, and calculating happiness or utility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utility is whatever produces pleasure or happiness, and prevents pain or suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural law is irrelevant; moral reasoning should be based solely on the consequences of actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pleasure and pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is considered a taboo that obstructs clear thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As insignificant when compared to collective well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The foresight of potential outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By valuing them equally with everyone else's preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By sacrificing individual rights for the greater good</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it is morally preferable to let innocent people die than torture a suspect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural law is derived from reason and nature, while positive law is based on societal norms and conventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aristotle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural law is a nonsensical concept, and only positive law should be recognized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural rights are independent of positive law and cannot be revoked by any authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive law is explicit and written, while natural law is implicit and unwritten.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bentham rejected the concept of natural rights and advocated for positive rights only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher pleasures are those that engage and develop one's faculties, even if they may be less intense than lower pleasures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual liberty is essential for the full and free development of human faculties, but it can be limited for the greater good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Someone opts for a leisurely lifestyle focused on physical pleasures, rather than engaging in intellectual pursuits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual preferences and collective well-being should be balanced, with the latter taking priority in cases of conflict.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bentham's utilitarianism fails to account for the distinction between higher and lower pleasures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individual preferences should be considered, but moral obligations should take precedence in determining the quality of pleasures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The freedom of pursuing our own good in our own way</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is nothing that is intrinsically wrong, for example, homosexuality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether other people's happiness or interests are at stake</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whether it affects others or the happiness of other people</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motive is significant when it affects consequences for others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>John Stuart Mill</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intention is the plan; motive is the reason behind the plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The highest faculties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural law is based on reason; positive law is created by humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because they must balance individual freedoms with the well-being of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It argues that many social choices implicitly trade off some number of lives for other goods and conveniences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It obstructs clear thinking and rational social choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It counts each person's preferences along with everyone else's, without giving priority to individual rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They would have a hard time insisting it is morally preferable to let vast numbers of innocent people die than to torture a single terrorist suspect who may know where a bomb is hidden.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that each person's preferences should be counted along with everyone else's.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that higher pleasures should be given precedence over lower pleasures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The greatest happiness principle.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that the action is motivated by personal gain rather than altruism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The intension of foreseeing the consequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each person's preferences should be considered along with everyone else's.</p> Signup and view all the answers