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Uterus Structure and Development
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Uterus Structure and Development

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@CleanlyBoston

Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between the smooth muscle cells in figures B and C?

  • Size (correct)
  • Location
  • Number
  • Shape

    • What is the condition depicted in figure D?

  • Cardiac arrest
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Normal heart condition (correct)
  • Hypertension

    • What is the term for the thickening of the left ventricular wall depicted in figure E?

  • Myocardial dysplasia
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Myocardial atrophy
  • Myocardial hypertrophy (correct)

    • Where may the substance be located in chronic smokers and columnar metaplasia of the esophagus?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal change in shape and size of the smooth muscle cells in figure C?

    <p>Hypertrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of metaplasia in cells?

    <p>To allow cells to survive in a new environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition depicted in figure A?

    <p>Postpartum bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal change in the shape and size of cells in response to a new environment?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cells becoming overloaded with substances?

    <p>Varying degrees of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of pathologic accumulations in cells?

    <p>Increased intake of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a harmless accumulation of substances in cells?

    <p>Carbon particles in the lungs of city dwellers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of substances in cells that may cause injury?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of decreased breakdown of substances in cells?

    <p>Accumulation of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which cells can pathologic accumulations occur?

    <p>Cells of various organs and tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of pathologic accumulations in cells?

    <p>Varying degrees of injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of osmotic acid in cells?

    <p>Osmic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of bronchus in normal conditions?

    <p>To provide clear action and remove unnecessary substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inadequate removal and degradation of substances in bronchus?

    <p>Accumulation of abnormal substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endogenous substances in bronchial epithelium?

    <p>To protect against abnormal substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the accumulation of lipids in bronchial epithelium?

    <p>Fatty change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Obesity is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells in bronchial epithelium?

    <p>Neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of prolonged exposure to abnormal substances in bronchus?

    <p>Accumulation of abnormal substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the association between Barret's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma?

    <p>Barret's esophagus is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of immunoglobulins accumulating in the rough ER?

    <p>Cell injury and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of lipofuscin?

    <p>A brownish granular material composed of lipids and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of lipofuscin formation?

    <p>Free radical-mediated peroxidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?

    <p>It is a hallmark of cellular aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of lipofuscin accumulation in neurons?

    <p>In the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells?

    <p>Cellular injury and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of free radicals in lipofuscin formation?

    <p>They mediate the peroxidation of lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of lipofuscin granules in cellular pathology?

    <p>They are a marker of cellular aging and degeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of individuals may glycogen accumulate?

    <p>Poorly controlled diabetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of calcium deposits in injured tissue?

    <p>They can lead to functional consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue?

    <p>Dystrophic calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of disease is dystrophic calcification commonly seen?

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be a consequence of dystrophic calcification in the aortic valve?

    <p>Aortic valve stenosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of calcification can lead to pressure overload on the left ventricle?

    <p>Dystrophic calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in normal tissue?

    <p>Metastatic calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site for metastatic calcification?

    <p>Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathologic accumulations in cells can be harmless.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased breakdown of substances in cells is a characteristic of pathologic accumulations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mediastinal lymph nodes are an example of cells that can become overloaded with substances.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All pathologic accumulations in cells cause injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells can accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances during pathologic accumulations.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathologic accumulations only occur in epithelial cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Overloaded cells can lead to various pathological processes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathologic accumulations are a normal process in cellular function.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid deposits can accumulate in any organ.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protein droplets are visible in renal tubules.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloidosis can lead to nephrotic syndrome.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid deposits are always associated with cancer.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid deposits can be found in the esophagus.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess proteins in the urine always lead to amyloidosis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid deposits can cause chronic damage to organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloidosis is always a Familial condition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a host response to infections and tissue repair.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The kidney's glomerular architecture is almost totally obliterated by the massive accumulation of amyloid.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation brings cells and molecules away from the sites where they are needed.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid deposits exhibit yellow-green birefringence when observed by a polarizing microscope.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a response to tissue repair.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver's architecture is almost totally obliterated by the massive accumulation of amyloid.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid deposits are pink-red in color when stained with Congo red.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a response to infections only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The accumulation of amyloid in the liver is a common cause of inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation can lead to tissue repair.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a major cause of chronic diseases

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation can be eliminated in autoimmune diseases

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a normal response to injury

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is only associated with acute diseases

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response is always beneficial

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation can lead to necrosis

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a localized response to injury

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation can be caused by the loss of blood supply

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system's primary function is to eliminate the cause of injury, such as microbes or toxins, and to repair damaged tissues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system can cause damage to the body's own tissues through an autoimmune response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mediators of defense include only leukocytes and antibodies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune response is the same in all tissues of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system can recruit cells from other parts of the body to respond to injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system only responds to external pathogens, not to internal damage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune responses can occur in the absence of inflammation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune system can cause damage to the body's own tissues through an allergic response.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are shown in Supplemental eFig. 1.3, arrow?

    <p>Cholesterol-laden macrophages (foam cells)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the liver is the well-preserved nucleus squeezed in fatty liver?

    <p>The displaced rim of cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of substances in cells that may cause injury?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of cells can pathologic accumulations occur?

    <p>Any type of cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inadequate removal and degradation of substances in cells?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?

    <p>It can be a sign of cellular injury or aging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells?

    <p>Cellular injury or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue?

    <p>Dystrophic calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?

    <p>To bring cells and molecules to the sites where they are needed to respond to infections and tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the thickening of the walls of blood vessels and along sinusoids in the liver?

    <p>Amyloid deposits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the deposits in the liver when observed under a polarizing microscope?

    <p>Yellow-green birefringence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of massive accumulation of amyloid in the kidney?

    <p>Almost total obliteration of the glomerular architecture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of substances in cells that may cause injury?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inadequate removal and degradation of substances in cells?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal change in shape and size of cells in response to a new environment?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the immune response to injury?

    <p>To eliminate the cause of injury and the consequences of such injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cells becoming overloaded with substances?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the mediators of defense that can contribute to prolonged chronic inflammation?

    <p>Leukocytes, antibodies, and complement proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the immune response not being able to remove the cause of injury?

    <p>Damage to normal tissues and organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?

    <p>It can be a sign of cellular injury or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of leukocytes in the immune response?

    <p>To sequester and remove the cause of injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue?

    <p>Dystrophic calcification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of autoimmune responses?

    <p>Damage to normal tissues and organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of complement proteins in the immune response?

    <p>To facilitate the removal of the cause of injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of prolonged immune response?

    <p>Chronic inflammation and tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?

    <p>To neutralize and remove the cause of injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inflammation and what are its consequences?

    <p>Inflammation is a major cause of tissue injury, characterized by a response to tissue damage, and can lead to consequences such as pain, fever, and dysfunctional responses in autoimmune and allergic diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of inflammatory responses in maintaining normal health and promoting disease?

    <p>Inflammatory responses are crucial for maintaining normal health and promoting disease, as they play a critical role in protecting against infection and injury, and can also contribute to disease development and progression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between inflammation and tissue repair?

    <p>Inflammation is a critical component of tissue repair, as it promotes the removal of dead cells and tissue debris, and facilitates the repair process by activating immune cells and promoting tissue regeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the consequences of unregulated inflammation?

    <p>Unregulated inflammation can lead to tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and disease, including chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and autoimmune diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inflammatory responses in normal cellular function?

    <p>Inflammatory responses play a critical role in normal cellular function, including tissue repair, immune defense, and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inadequate regulation of inflammatory responses?

    <p>Inadequate regulation of inflammatory responses can lead to tissue damage, disease, and organ dysfunction, including chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and autoimmune diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of inflammation in disease development and progression?

    <p>Inflammation plays a critical role in disease development and progression, as it can contribute to tissue damage, organ dysfunction, and disease, including chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and autoimmune diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between inflammation and necrosis?

    <p>Inflammation can lead to necrosis, which is a form of cell death, and can also contribute to tissue damage and disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of inadequate removal and degradation of foreign bodies in tissues?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of substances being deposited in large amounts in tissues?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the abnormal change in shape and size of cells in response to a new environment?

    <p>Metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cells becoming overloaded with substances?

    <p>Pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of endogenous substances in bronchial epithelium?

    <p>Stimulating inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of prolonged exposure to abnormal substances in the bronchus?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?

    <p>Indicates cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of immune cells accumulating in tissues?

    <p>Inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Matthew Yeh is a member of the ______ of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle.

    <p>Department</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipofuscin granules are shown in a ______ myocyte in eFig. 1.5.

    <p>cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemosiderin granules are found in ______ cells.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunoglobulins accumulating in the rough ER can lead to ______.

    <p>injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dystrophic calcification of the ______ valve is shown in eFig. 1.7.

    <p>aortic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lipofuscin is a brownish, granular material composed of ______.

    <p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloidosis is depicted in eFig. ______.

    <p>1.8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Blank] fuscins are pigments that may accumulate in cells.

    <p>Lipo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calcium deposits can accumulate in ______ tissue.

    <p>injured</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reactive oxygen species can lead to the accumulation of ______ in cells.

    <p>lipofuscin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In neurons, ______ accumulation can occur, leading to cellular pathology.

    <p>lipofuscin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dystrophic calcification can lead to ______ overload on the left ventricle.

    <p>pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amyloid deposits can accumulate in any ______.

    <p>organ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The mechanism of ______ formation involves free radicals and lipid peroxidation.

    <p>lipofuscin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pathologic accumulations in cells can be caused by ______ breakdown of substances.

    <p>decreased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    [Blank] calcification is a type of abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue.

    <p>Dystrophic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foreign bodies (e.g., spinters, dirt, sutures) may evoke _______________________

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation is a major cause of ___________ injury.

    <p>tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In current medical practice, mucos has emphasized the use of ___________ response diseases.

    <p>useful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some substances are deposited in large amounts in _______________________ (e.g., urate crystals in gout and cholesterol crystals in atherosclerosis)

    <p>tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stimulus for inflammation can be _______________________ (e.g., against normal harmless environment and even some endogenous substances that stimulate potentially harmful)

    <p>misdirected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response has been on the harmful consequences, such as pain, fever, and ___________ responses.

    <p>immune</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation cannot be eliminated, but an appropriate ___________ response can help to cure and are often needed.

    <p>regulatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response consists of sequential events involving _______________________ reactions and recruitment of leukocytes

    <p>vascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sequence of events in inflammation is typically _______________________ and cannot be readily eliminated

    <p>persistent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response is a critical part of normal ___________ and tissue maintenance.

    <p>healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes _______________________

    <p>tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation can lead to necrosis, which is a type of cell ___________ that occurs due to various causes.

    <p>death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation can also be caused by loss of blood ___________, which can lead to tissue damage.

    <p>supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Too little inflammation, or a failure to _______________________ inflammation, can be detrimental

    <p>resolve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of molecules can be damaging and can lead to ___________ of cells.

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased susceptibility to infections is a major consequence of too little _______________________

    <p>inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The noxious stimulus and the damage they cause are ______ after the recognition of the noxious agent.

    <p>eliminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils play a major role in the ______ of the response to noxious stimuli.

    <p>recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 5 Rs of neutrophils are recognition, recruitment, ______, regulation, and repair.

    <p>removal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cancer therapies can cause destruction of ______ and suppression of the immune system.

    <p>bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The coordinated actions of ______ mediate the response to noxious stimuli.

    <p>chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response is characterized by the presence of ______ mediators.

    <p>pro-inflammatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of repair is ______ by the inflammatory response.

    <p>facilitated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inflammatory response is a ______ reaction to tissue damage.

    <p>protective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of calcification with their characteristics:

    <p>Dystrophic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue Metastatic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in normal tissue Ca++ deposits = Seen in a variety of disease states Pathologic calcification = Can lead to pressure overload on the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects on cells:

    <p>Glycogen = Accumulates in poorly controlled diabetics Lipids = Accumulates in bronchial epithelium Calcium = Can lead to pressure overload on the left ventricle Osmotic acid = Accumulates in certain cells and may cause injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Metastatic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in normal tissue Dystrophic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue Pathologic accumulation = Accumulation of substances in cells that may cause injury Lipofuscin = Accumulation of osmotic acid in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their characteristics:

    <p>Atherosclerosis = Advanced buildup of calcium deposits in the aortic valve Caseous necrosis = Seen in areas of injured tissue with calcium deposits Esophageal adenocarcinoma = Associated with Barrett's esophagus Bronchial epithelium = Can accumulate lipids and lead to injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following figures with their descriptions:

    <p>Figure A = Gross appearance of a normal uterus and a gravid uterus Figure B = Small spindle-shaped uterine smooth muscle cells from a non-gravid uterus Figure D = Myocardial hypertrophy in a patient with severe hypertension Figure E = Normal myocardium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their characteristics:

    <p>Hypertrophy = An increase in cell size Metaplasia = A change in cell shape and size in response to a new environment Hyperplasia = An increase in cell number Dysplasia = A disorder of cell growth and development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their locations:

    <p>Lipofuscin granules = In neurons Dystrophic calcification = In areas of injured tissue Metastatic calcification = In aortic valve and other tissues Glycogen accumulation = In poorly controlled diabetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their locations:

    <p>Lipofuscin = Cytoplasm or nucleus Glycogen = Liver or muscle cells Calcium deposits = Injured tissue Osmotic acid = Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their consequences:

    <p>Dystrophic calcification = Can lead to pressure overload on the left ventricle Pathologic accumulation = Can lead to various pathological processes Lipofuscin formation = Can lead to injury in cells Glycogen accumulation = Can lead to injury in cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their consequences:

    <p>Pathologic accumulation = Cell injury or disease Metaplasia = Survival of cells in a new environment Hyperplasia = Increased cell turnover Hypertrophy = Increased cell size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their roles:

    <p>Immunoglobulins = Accumulate in the rough ER Reactive oxygen species = Role in lipofuscin formation Lipids = Role in bronchial epithelium Calcium = Role in injured tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their associations:

    <p>Metaplasia = Chronic smoking and columnar metaplasia of the esophagus Dysplasia = Abnormal growth of cells in bronchial epithelium Hyperplasia = Obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma Hypertrophy = Severe hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associations:

    <p>Barrett's esophagus = Associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma Obesity = Associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma Atherosclerosis = Associated with advanced calcium deposits Dystrophic calcification = Associated with injured tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following substances with their effects:

    <p>Reactive oxygen species = Lipofuscin formation Immunoglobulins = Accumulation in the rough ER Free radicals = Lipofuscin formation Osmotic acid = Cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular changes with their significance:

    <p>Lipofuscin accumulation = Significance in cellular pathology Calcium deposits = Significance in injured tissue Glycogen accumulation = Significance in liver or muscle cells Metaplasia = Significance in survival of cells in a new environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their locations:

    <p>Dystrophic calcification = Injured tissue Metastatic calcification = Normal tissue Lipofuscin accumulation = Neurons Pathologic accumulation = Epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consequences of pathologic accumulations in cells with their descriptions:

    <p>Injury = Varying degrees of harm caused by pathologic accumulations Harmlessness = No harm caused by pathologic accumulations Overload = Cells becoming overloaded with substances Dystrophic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pathologic accumulations with their characteristics:

    <p>Lipofuscin = Abnormal accumulation of osmotic acid in cells Amyloid deposits = Abnormal accumulation of proteins in cells Glycogen = Abnormal accumulation of carbohydrates in cells Calcium deposits = Abnormal deposition of calcium in normal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following examples of pathologic accumulations with their locations:

    <p>Carbon particles = Lungs of city dwellers Lipofuscin = Neurons Osmotic acid = Mediastinal lymph nodes Calcium deposits = Aortic valve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their effects on pathologic accumulations:

    <p>Increased breakdown = Decreased pathologic accumulations Decreased breakdown = Increased pathologic accumulations Inadequate removal = Increased pathologic accumulations Immunoglobulin accumulation = Consequence of prolonged exposure to abnormal substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of cells with their susceptibility to pathologic accumulations:

    <p>Epithelial cells = Only susceptible to pathologic accumulations Bronchial epithelial cells = Susceptible to lipid accumulation Smooth muscle cells = Susceptible to pathologic accumulations Neurons = Susceptible to lipofuscin accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consequences of pathologic accumulations with their associations:

    <p>Dystrophic calcification = Esophageal adenocarcinoma Lipofuscin accumulation = Aging Amyloid deposits = Neurodegenerative diseases Glycogen accumulation = Obesity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of pathologic accumulations with their effects on cellular function:

    <p>Lipofuscin = Disruption of cellular metabolism Amyloid deposits = Disruption of cellular function Glycogen = Disruption of cellular energy production Calcium deposits = Disruption of tissue structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following processes with their roles in pathologic accumulations:

    <p>Reactive oxygen species = Role in lipofuscin formation Free radicals = Role in lipofuscin formation Increased breakdown = Role in preventing pathologic accumulations Inadequate removal = Role in promoting pathologic accumulations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions in the context of cellular pathology:

    <p>Amyloid deposits = Abnormal accumulation of osmotic acid in cells Pathologic accumulations = Abnormal deposition of substances in cells that may cause injury Lipofuscin = Abnormal growth of cells in bronchial epithelium Dystrophic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their consequences:

    <p>Inadequate removal and degradation of substances = Overloaded cells that can lead to various pathological processes Prolonged exposure to abnormal substances = Abnormal growth of cells in bronchial epithelium Immunoglobulins accumulating in the rough ER = Consequence of reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells Decreased breakdown of substances = Result of cells becoming overloaded with substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associated organs:

    <p>Barret's esophagus = Esophagus Amyloid deposits = Any organ Dystrophic calcification = Aortic valve Lipofuscin = Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their descriptions:

    <p>Metaplasia = Abnormal change in shape and size of cells in response to a new environment Lipofuscin formation = Mechanism of cellular injury Protein droplets = Visible in renal tubules Dystrophic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in normal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their associated diseases:

    <p>Dystrophic calcification = Various diseases Barret's esophagus = Esophageal adenocarcinoma Amyloid deposits = Nephrotic syndrome Lipofuscin = Cellular pathology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their consequences:

    <p>Pathologic accumulations = Can lead to various pathological processes Lipofuscin accumulation = Consequence of reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells Immunoglobulins accumulating in the rough ER = Result of cells becoming overloaded with substances Dystrophic calcification = Can lead to pressure overload on the left ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Amyloid deposits = Abnormal accumulation of proteins in various organs Lipofuscin = Abnormal accumulation of lipids in bronchial epithelium Dystrophic calcification = Abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue Pathologic accumulations = Abnormal growth of cells in bronchial epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cellular processes with their associated sites:

    <p>Metaplasia = Various organs Lipofuscin accumulation = Neurons Dystrophic calcification = Mediastinal lymph nodes Amyloid deposits = Various organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts related to inflammation with their descriptions:

    <p>Inflammation = A major cause of tissue injury Immune response = A response to infection or injury Autoimmune disease = A condition where the immune system attacks the body's own tissues Chronic disease = A long-term disease that persists over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of inflammation with their characteristics:

    <p>Acute inflammation = A short-term response to injury or infection Chronic inflammation = A long-term response to persistent injury or infection Autoimmune inflammation = An immune response that targets the body's own tissues Necrotic inflammation = A response to cell death or tissue damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms of inflammation with their consequences:

    <p>Cytokine release = Activation of immune cells and increased inflammation Oxygen radical release = Damage to tissues and cells Prostaglandin release = Pain and increased blood flow to the affected area Bradykinin release = Increased blood flow and permeability to the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immune responses with their characteristics:

    <p>Innate immune response = A non-specific response to infection or injury Adaptive immune response = A specific response to infection or injury Humoral immune response = A response involving antibodies and B cells Cell-mediated immune response = A response involving T cells and cellular immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following consequences of inflammation with their effects:

    <p>Tissue repair = Restoration of normal tissue function Tissue damage = Permanent loss of tissue function Scarring = Formation of scar tissue at the site of injury Fibrosis = Formation of excessive scar tissue leading to organ dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of inflammatory mediators with their functions:

    <p>Cytokines = Signaling molecules that activate immune cells Chemokines = Chemotactic molecules that attract immune cells Prostaglandins = Molecules that regulate pain and inflammation Bradykinin = A molecule that increases blood flow and permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of immune cells with their functions:

    <p>Neutrophils = Phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances Macrophages = Cells that engulf and digest foreign substances and cellular debris Lymphocytes = Cells that recognize and respond to specific antigens Dendritic cells = Cells that present antigens to T cells and activate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of inflammatory diseases with their characteristics:

    <p>Rheumatoid arthritis = A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the joints Asthma = A chronic inflammatory disease that affects the airways Inflammatory bowel disease = A chronic inflammatory disease that affects the gut Psoriasis = A chronic inflammatory disease that affects the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathologic Accumulations in Cells

    • Pathologic accumulations occur when cells accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances, which can be harmless or cause injury.
    • Examples of pathologic accumulations include:
      • Carbon particles in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of city dwellers
      • Fatty change (steatosis) in the liver
      • Glycogen accumulation in poorly controlled diabetics or glycogen storage diseases
      • Calcium deposits in various disease states, such as dystrophic calcification
      • Pigments, such as lipofuscin, which is a brownish granular material composed of lipids and proteins

    Uterine Smooth Muscle Cells

    • Uterine smooth muscle cells can become hypertrophied in response to pregnancy, leading to an increase in cell size and thickness.
    • Comparison of non-gravid and gravid uterine smooth muscle cells shows a significant difference in cell size and morphology.

    Myocardial Hypertrophy

    • Myocardial hypertrophy occurs in response to severe hypertension, leading to an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall.
    • Normal myocardium has a thickness of 1-1.5 cm, while myocardial hypertrophy can result in a thickness of over 2 cm.

    Other Pathologic Accumulations

    • Squamous epithelium in patients with chronic smokers and columnar metaplasia of the esophagus can lead to the accumulation of substances in the cytoplasm.
    • Cytosolic and nuclear accumulation of substances can occur in response to various disease processes, including neoplastic transformation.
    • Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, can become overloaded with lipids and cholesterol, leading to the formation of foam cells.
    • Immunoglobulins can accumulate in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in some plasma cells.

    Consequences of Pathologic Accumulations

    • Pathologic accumulations can lead to varying degrees of injury, including cell death and tissue damage.
    • In some cases, pathologic accumulations can have functional consequences, such as dystrophic calcification leading to impaired cardiac function.

    Pathologic Accumulations in Cells

    • Pathologic accumulations occur in cells, leading to varying degrees of injury
    • Accumulations can be harmless or cause damage to cells and tissues
    • Examples of accumulations include:
      • Carbon particles in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of city dwellers
      • Amyloid, a protein that accumulates in the kidneys and liver, causing damage

    Amyloid Accumulation

    • Amyloid consists of one or many different proteins that assume a beta-pleated sheet conformation
    • Amyloid is deposited in extracellular tissues, where it can interfere with normal tissue functions
    • Examples of amyloid deposition include:
      • Renal tubular epithelial cells, where it can cause glomerular damage
      • Liver, where it can accumulate in the walls of blood vessels and along sinusoids

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation is a host response to infections and tissue damage
    • It brings cells and molecules to the site of injury to eliminate the cause of injury and repair damaged tissue
    • Inflammation can be caused by:
      • Infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
      • Microbial toxins
      • Tissue damage
      • Autoimmune reactions
    • Inflammation can lead to:
      • Acute inflammation, which is a short-term response to tissue damage
      • Chronic inflammation, which is a long-term response to tissue damage

    Acute Inflammation

    • Features of acute inflammation include:
      • Vascular reactions, such as increased blood flow and permeability
      • Cellular reactions, such as leukocyte recruitment and activation
      • Resolution of acute inflammation, which involves the repair of damaged tissue
    • Outcomes of acute inflammation can include:
      • Tissue repair
      • Tissue damage
      • Chronic inflammation

    Chronic Inflammation

    • Features of chronic inflammation include:
      • Cellular reactions, such as macrophage and lymphocyte activation
      • Tissue repair, which can lead to scar tissue formation
      • Chronic inflammation can lead to:
        • Tissue damage
        • Organ dysfunction
        • Systemic disease

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation is a host response to infections and tissue damage, which brings cells and molecules to the site of injury to eliminate the cause of injury and repair tissue damage.

    Causes of Inflammation

    • Infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
    • Microbial toxins
    • Tissue damage
    • Autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus)
    • Allergens (e.g., pollen, dust)
    • Foreign bodies (e.g., splinters, dirt, sutures)

    Mediators of Inflammation

    • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
    • Antibodies
    • Complement proteins
    • Cytokines
    • Chemokines
    • Nitric oxide

    Sequence of Events in Inflammation

    • Recognition of pathogens or tissue damage by immune cells
    • Activation of immune cells and release of mediators
    • Increased blood flow to the site of inflammation
    • Increased permeability of blood vessels, leading to edema and swelling
    • Recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation
    • Activation of leukocytes to eliminate pathogens or repair tissue damage

    Features of Acute and Chronic Inflammation

    • Acute inflammation: rapid onset, short duration, and resolution of inflammation
    • Chronic inflammation: prolonged duration, persistent inflammation, and tissue damage

    Cellular Reactions of Chronic Inflammation

    • Mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes) dominate the inflammatory response
    • Granuloma formation (e.g., in tuberculosis)
    • Tissue repair and fibrosis

    Tissue Repair

    • Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
    • Proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen
    • Remodeling of tissue architecture

    Clinicopathologic Features of Inflammation

    • Acute inflammation: edema, swelling, heat, redness, pain, and loss of function
    • Chronic inflammation: tissue damage, scarring, and loss of function

    Cell Injury and Cell Death

    • Cell injury can lead to cell death, which can be caused by various factors such as genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices.

    Lipofuscin Granules

    • Lipofuscin granules are composed of lipid-containing residues of cellular digestion and are a type of lysosomal storage body.
    • They appear as brownish-yellow pigments in cells and are commonly found in cardiac myocytes, neurons, and liver cells.

    Hemosiderin Granules

    • Hemosiderin granules are formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells and are found in liver cells.
    • They appear as golden-brown, finely granular pigments in cells.

    Dystrophic Calcification

    • Dystrophic calcification occurs when there is an abnormal deposition of calcium salts in damaged tissues.
    • It can occur in the aortic valve, leading to stenosis and thickening of the valve cusps.

    Amyloidosis

    • Amyloidosis is a group of diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal protein fibers in tissues.
    • It can lead to damage and dysfunction of various organs, including the kidneys, heart, and nervous system.

    Inflammation

    • Inflammation is a response to tissue injury or infection, and is characterized by the activation of immune cells, including macrophages and T cells.
    • It can be caused by various factors, including injury, infection, and autoimmune disorders.
    • The inflammatory response involves the sequential events of recognition, recruitment, removal, regulation, and repair.

    Inflammation Stages

    • Recognition: The first stage of inflammation, where the body recognizes the presence of foreign substances or tissue damage.
    • Recruitment: The second stage, where immune cells are recruited to the site of inflammation.
    • Removal: The third stage, where foreign substances or damaged tissues are removed from the site of inflammation.
    • Regulation: The fourth stage, where the inflammatory response is regulated to prevent excessive tissue damage.
    • Repair: The final stage, where tissues are repaired and restored to their normal function.

    Pathologic Accumulations in Cells

    • Pathologic accumulations occur when cells accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances, which can be harmless or cause injury.
    • These accumulations can be seen in various disease states, such as:
      • Carbon particles in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of city dwellers (harmless)
      • Abnormal glycogen storage in poorly controlled diabetics or glycogen storage diseases (see Chapter 13)
      • Calcification in injured tissues (e.g., areas of caseous necrosis and advanced atherosclerosis)

    Cellular Responses to Injury

    • Cellular responses to injury can be classified into three types:
      • Inflammation (major cause of tissue injury)
      • Necrosis (cell death from any cause, including ischemia, toxins, and trauma)
      • Dystrophic calcification (abnormal calcium deposits in injured tissues)
    • Inflammation is a response to tissue injury and can lead to various diseases, such as:
      • Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)
      • Allergic diseases (e.g., asthma)

    Uterine Smooth Muscle Cells

    • Uterine smooth muscle cells:
      • Can become hypertrophied (enlarged) in response to pregnancy or other stimuli
      • Can accumulate abnormal substances, such as glycogen or calcium

    Myocardial Hypertrophy

    • Myocardial hypertrophy:
      • Can occur in response to hypertension or other stimuli
      • Can lead to increased left ventricular wall thickness (> 2 cm)

    Pathologic Consequences

    • Pathologic accumulations and cellular responses to injury can have significant consequences, such as:
      • Injury to tissues and organs
      • Impaired tissue function
      • Increased risk of disease and death

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