Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between the smooth muscle cells in figures B and C?
What is the condition depicted in figure D?
What is the term for the thickening of the left ventricular wall depicted in figure E?
Where may the substance be located in chronic smokers and columnar metaplasia of the esophagus?
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What is the term for the abnormal change in shape and size of the smooth muscle cells in figure C?
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What is the purpose of metaplasia in cells?
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What is the condition depicted in figure A?
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What is the term for the abnormal change in the shape and size of cells in response to a new environment?
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What is the result of cells becoming overloaded with substances?
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What is characteristic of pathologic accumulations in cells?
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What is an example of a harmless accumulation of substances in cells?
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What is the term for the accumulation of substances in cells that may cause injury?
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What is the result of decreased breakdown of substances in cells?
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In which cells can pathologic accumulations occur?
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What is a consequence of pathologic accumulations in cells?
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What is the term for the accumulation of osmotic acid in cells?
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What is the function of bronchus in normal conditions?
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What is the result of inadequate removal and degradation of substances in bronchus?
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What is the role of endogenous substances in bronchial epithelium?
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What is the term for the accumulation of lipids in bronchial epithelium?
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What is the association between obesity and esophageal adenocarcinoma?
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What is the term for the abnormal growth of cells in bronchial epithelium?
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What is the consequence of prolonged exposure to abnormal substances in bronchus?
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What is the association between Barret's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma?
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What is the consequence of immunoglobulins accumulating in the rough ER?
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What is the composition of lipofuscin?
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What is the mechanism of lipofuscin formation?
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What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?
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What is the location of lipofuscin accumulation in neurons?
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What is the consequence of reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells?
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What is the role of free radicals in lipofuscin formation?
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What is the significance of lipofuscin granules in cellular pathology?
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In which type of individuals may glycogen accumulate?
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What is the significance of calcium deposits in injured tissue?
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What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue?
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In which type of disease is dystrophic calcification commonly seen?
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What can be a consequence of dystrophic calcification in the aortic valve?
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What type of calcification can lead to pressure overload on the left ventricle?
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What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in normal tissue?
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What is a common site for metastatic calcification?
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Pathologic accumulations in cells can be harmless.
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Increased breakdown of substances in cells is a characteristic of pathologic accumulations.
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Mediastinal lymph nodes are an example of cells that can become overloaded with substances.
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All pathologic accumulations in cells cause injury.
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Cells can accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances during pathologic accumulations.
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Pathologic accumulations only occur in epithelial cells.
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Overloaded cells can lead to various pathological processes.
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Pathologic accumulations are a normal process in cellular function.
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Amyloid deposits can accumulate in any organ.
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Protein droplets are visible in renal tubules.
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Amyloidosis can lead to nephrotic syndrome.
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Amyloid deposits are always associated with cancer.
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Amyloid deposits can be found in the esophagus.
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Excess proteins in the urine always lead to amyloidosis.
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Amyloid deposits can cause chronic damage to organs.
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Amyloidosis is always a Familial condition.
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Inflammation is a host response to infections and tissue repair.
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The kidney's glomerular architecture is almost totally obliterated by the massive accumulation of amyloid.
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Inflammation brings cells and molecules away from the sites where they are needed.
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Amyloid deposits exhibit yellow-green birefringence when observed by a polarizing microscope.
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Inflammation is a response to tissue repair.
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The liver's architecture is almost totally obliterated by the massive accumulation of amyloid.
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Amyloid deposits are pink-red in color when stained with Congo red.
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Inflammation is a response to infections only.
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The accumulation of amyloid in the liver is a common cause of inflammation.
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Inflammation can lead to tissue repair.
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Inflammation is a major cause of chronic diseases
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Inflammation can be eliminated in autoimmune diseases
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Inflammation is a normal response to injury
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Inflammation is only associated with acute diseases
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The inflammatory response is always beneficial
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Inflammation can lead to necrosis
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Inflammation is a localized response to injury
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Inflammation can be caused by the loss of blood supply
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The immune system's primary function is to eliminate the cause of injury, such as microbes or toxins, and to repair damaged tissues.
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The immune system can cause damage to the body's own tissues through an autoimmune response.
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Mediators of defense include only leukocytes and antibodies.
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The immune response is the same in all tissues of the body.
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The immune system can recruit cells from other parts of the body to respond to injury.
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The immune system only responds to external pathogens, not to internal damage.
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Immune responses can occur in the absence of inflammation.
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The immune system can cause damage to the body's own tissues through an allergic response.
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What type of cells are shown in Supplemental eFig. 1.3, arrow?
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In which part of the liver is the well-preserved nucleus squeezed in fatty liver?
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What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of substances in cells that may cause injury?
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In which type of cells can pathologic accumulations occur?
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What is the result of inadequate removal and degradation of substances in cells?
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What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?
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What is the consequence of reactive oxygen species accumulation in cells?
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What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue?
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What is the primary purpose of inflammation in the body?
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What is the term for the thickening of the walls of blood vessels and along sinusoids in the liver?
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What is the characteristic of the deposits in the liver when observed under a polarizing microscope?
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What is the result of massive accumulation of amyloid in the kidney?
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What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of substances in cells that may cause injury?
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What is the consequence of inadequate removal and degradation of substances in cells?
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What is the term for the abnormal change in shape and size of cells in response to a new environment?
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What is the primary goal of the immune response to injury?
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What is the result of cells becoming overloaded with substances?
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What are the mediators of defense that can contribute to prolonged chronic inflammation?
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What is the consequence of the immune response not being able to remove the cause of injury?
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What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?
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What is the role of leukocytes in the immune response?
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What is the term for the abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue?
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What is the consequence of autoimmune responses?
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What is the role of complement proteins in the immune response?
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What is the consequence of prolonged immune response?
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What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?
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What is inflammation and what are its consequences?
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What is the significance of inflammatory responses in maintaining normal health and promoting disease?
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What is the relationship between inflammation and tissue repair?
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What are the consequences of unregulated inflammation?
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What is the role of inflammatory responses in normal cellular function?
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What is the consequence of inadequate regulation of inflammatory responses?
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What is the significance of inflammation in disease development and progression?
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What is the relationship between inflammation and necrosis?
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What is the consequence of inadequate removal and degradation of foreign bodies in tissues?
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What is the outcome of substances being deposited in large amounts in tissues?
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What is the term for the abnormal change in shape and size of cells in response to a new environment?
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What is the result of cells becoming overloaded with substances?
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What is the role of endogenous substances in bronchial epithelium?
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What is the consequence of prolonged exposure to abnormal substances in the bronchus?
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What is the significance of lipofuscin accumulation in cells?
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What is the consequence of immune cells accumulating in tissues?
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Matthew Yeh is a member of the ______ of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle.
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Lipofuscin granules are shown in a ______ myocyte in eFig. 1.5.
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Hemosiderin granules are found in ______ cells.
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Immunoglobulins accumulating in the rough ER can lead to ______.
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Dystrophic calcification of the ______ valve is shown in eFig. 1.7.
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Lipofuscin is a brownish, granular material composed of ______.
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Amyloidosis is depicted in eFig. ______.
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[Blank] fuscins are pigments that may accumulate in cells.
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Calcium deposits can accumulate in ______ tissue.
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Reactive oxygen species can lead to the accumulation of ______ in cells.
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In neurons, ______ accumulation can occur, leading to cellular pathology.
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Dystrophic calcification can lead to ______ overload on the left ventricle.
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Amyloid deposits can accumulate in any ______.
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The mechanism of ______ formation involves free radicals and lipid peroxidation.
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Pathologic accumulations in cells can be caused by ______ breakdown of substances.
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[Blank] calcification is a type of abnormal deposition of calcium in injured tissue.
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Foreign bodies (e.g., spinters, dirt, sutures) may evoke _______________________
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Inflammation is a major cause of ___________ injury.
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In current medical practice, mucos has emphasized the use of ___________ response diseases.
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Some substances are deposited in large amounts in _______________________ (e.g., urate crystals in gout and cholesterol crystals in atherosclerosis)
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The stimulus for inflammation can be _______________________ (e.g., against normal harmless environment and even some endogenous substances that stimulate potentially harmful)
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The inflammatory response has been on the harmful consequences, such as pain, fever, and ___________ responses.
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Inflammation cannot be eliminated, but an appropriate ___________ response can help to cure and are often needed.
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The inflammatory response consists of sequential events involving _______________________ reactions and recruitment of leukocytes
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The sequence of events in inflammation is typically _______________________ and cannot be readily eliminated
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The inflammatory response is a critical part of normal ___________ and tissue maintenance.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes _______________________
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Inflammation can lead to necrosis, which is a type of cell ___________ that occurs due to various causes.
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Inflammation can also be caused by loss of blood ___________, which can lead to tissue damage.
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Too little inflammation, or a failure to _______________________ inflammation, can be detrimental
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The release of molecules can be damaging and can lead to ___________ of cells.
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Increased susceptibility to infections is a major consequence of too little _______________________
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The noxious stimulus and the damage they cause are ______ after the recognition of the noxious agent.
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Neutrophils play a major role in the ______ of the response to noxious stimuli.
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The 5 Rs of neutrophils are recognition, recruitment, ______, regulation, and repair.
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Cancer therapies can cause destruction of ______ and suppression of the immune system.
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The coordinated actions of ______ mediate the response to noxious stimuli.
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The inflammatory response is characterized by the presence of ______ mediators.
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The process of repair is ______ by the inflammatory response.
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The inflammatory response is a ______ reaction to tissue damage.
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Study Notes
Pathologic Accumulations in Cells
- Pathologic accumulations occur when cells accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances, which can be harmless or cause injury.
- Examples of pathologic accumulations include:
- Carbon particles in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of city dwellers
- Fatty change (steatosis) in the liver
- Glycogen accumulation in poorly controlled diabetics or glycogen storage diseases
- Calcium deposits in various disease states, such as dystrophic calcification
- Pigments, such as lipofuscin, which is a brownish granular material composed of lipids and proteins
Uterine Smooth Muscle Cells
- Uterine smooth muscle cells can become hypertrophied in response to pregnancy, leading to an increase in cell size and thickness.
- Comparison of non-gravid and gravid uterine smooth muscle cells shows a significant difference in cell size and morphology.
Myocardial Hypertrophy
- Myocardial hypertrophy occurs in response to severe hypertension, leading to an increase in the thickness of the left ventricular wall.
- Normal myocardium has a thickness of 1-1.5 cm, while myocardial hypertrophy can result in a thickness of over 2 cm.
Other Pathologic Accumulations
- Squamous epithelium in patients with chronic smokers and columnar metaplasia of the esophagus can lead to the accumulation of substances in the cytoplasm.
- Cytosolic and nuclear accumulation of substances can occur in response to various disease processes, including neoplastic transformation.
- Phagocytic cells, such as macrophages, can become overloaded with lipids and cholesterol, leading to the formation of foam cells.
- Immunoglobulins can accumulate in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in some plasma cells.
Consequences of Pathologic Accumulations
- Pathologic accumulations can lead to varying degrees of injury, including cell death and tissue damage.
- In some cases, pathologic accumulations can have functional consequences, such as dystrophic calcification leading to impaired cardiac function.
Pathologic Accumulations in Cells
- Pathologic accumulations occur in cells, leading to varying degrees of injury
- Accumulations can be harmless or cause damage to cells and tissues
- Examples of accumulations include:
- Carbon particles in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of city dwellers
- Amyloid, a protein that accumulates in the kidneys and liver, causing damage
Amyloid Accumulation
- Amyloid consists of one or many different proteins that assume a beta-pleated sheet conformation
- Amyloid is deposited in extracellular tissues, where it can interfere with normal tissue functions
- Examples of amyloid deposition include:
- Renal tubular epithelial cells, where it can cause glomerular damage
- Liver, where it can accumulate in the walls of blood vessels and along sinusoids
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a host response to infections and tissue damage
- It brings cells and molecules to the site of injury to eliminate the cause of injury and repair damaged tissue
- Inflammation can be caused by:
- Infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
- Microbial toxins
- Tissue damage
- Autoimmune reactions
- Inflammation can lead to:
- Acute inflammation, which is a short-term response to tissue damage
- Chronic inflammation, which is a long-term response to tissue damage
Acute Inflammation
- Features of acute inflammation include:
- Vascular reactions, such as increased blood flow and permeability
- Cellular reactions, such as leukocyte recruitment and activation
- Resolution of acute inflammation, which involves the repair of damaged tissue
- Outcomes of acute inflammation can include:
- Tissue repair
- Tissue damage
- Chronic inflammation
Chronic Inflammation
- Features of chronic inflammation include:
- Cellular reactions, such as macrophage and lymphocyte activation
- Tissue repair, which can lead to scar tissue formation
- Chronic inflammation can lead to:
- Tissue damage
- Organ dysfunction
- Systemic disease
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a host response to infections and tissue damage, which brings cells and molecules to the site of injury to eliminate the cause of injury and repair tissue damage.
Causes of Inflammation
- Infections (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
- Microbial toxins
- Tissue damage
- Autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus)
- Allergens (e.g., pollen, dust)
- Foreign bodies (e.g., splinters, dirt, sutures)
Mediators of Inflammation
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Antibodies
- Complement proteins
- Cytokines
- Chemokines
- Nitric oxide
Sequence of Events in Inflammation
- Recognition of pathogens or tissue damage by immune cells
- Activation of immune cells and release of mediators
- Increased blood flow to the site of inflammation
- Increased permeability of blood vessels, leading to edema and swelling
- Recruitment of leukocytes to the site of inflammation
- Activation of leukocytes to eliminate pathogens or repair tissue damage
Features of Acute and Chronic Inflammation
- Acute inflammation: rapid onset, short duration, and resolution of inflammation
- Chronic inflammation: prolonged duration, persistent inflammation, and tissue damage
Cellular Reactions of Chronic Inflammation
- Mononuclear cells (macrophages, lymphocytes) dominate the inflammatory response
- Granuloma formation (e.g., in tuberculosis)
- Tissue repair and fibrosis
Tissue Repair
- Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels)
- Proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of collagen
- Remodeling of tissue architecture
Clinicopathologic Features of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation: edema, swelling, heat, redness, pain, and loss of function
- Chronic inflammation: tissue damage, scarring, and loss of function
Cell Injury and Cell Death
- Cell injury can lead to cell death, which can be caused by various factors such as genetics, environment, and lifestyle choices.
Lipofuscin Granules
- Lipofuscin granules are composed of lipid-containing residues of cellular digestion and are a type of lysosomal storage body.
- They appear as brownish-yellow pigments in cells and are commonly found in cardiac myocytes, neurons, and liver cells.
Hemosiderin Granules
- Hemosiderin granules are formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells and are found in liver cells.
- They appear as golden-brown, finely granular pigments in cells.
Dystrophic Calcification
- Dystrophic calcification occurs when there is an abnormal deposition of calcium salts in damaged tissues.
- It can occur in the aortic valve, leading to stenosis and thickening of the valve cusps.
Amyloidosis
- Amyloidosis is a group of diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal protein fibers in tissues.
- It can lead to damage and dysfunction of various organs, including the kidneys, heart, and nervous system.
Inflammation
- Inflammation is a response to tissue injury or infection, and is characterized by the activation of immune cells, including macrophages and T cells.
- It can be caused by various factors, including injury, infection, and autoimmune disorders.
- The inflammatory response involves the sequential events of recognition, recruitment, removal, regulation, and repair.
Inflammation Stages
- Recognition: The first stage of inflammation, where the body recognizes the presence of foreign substances or tissue damage.
- Recruitment: The second stage, where immune cells are recruited to the site of inflammation.
- Removal: The third stage, where foreign substances or damaged tissues are removed from the site of inflammation.
- Regulation: The fourth stage, where the inflammatory response is regulated to prevent excessive tissue damage.
- Repair: The final stage, where tissues are repaired and restored to their normal function.
Pathologic Accumulations in Cells
- Pathologic accumulations occur when cells accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances, which can be harmless or cause injury.
- These accumulations can be seen in various disease states, such as:
- Carbon particles in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes of city dwellers (harmless)
- Abnormal glycogen storage in poorly controlled diabetics or glycogen storage diseases (see Chapter 13)
- Calcification in injured tissues (e.g., areas of caseous necrosis and advanced atherosclerosis)
Cellular Responses to Injury
- Cellular responses to injury can be classified into three types:
- Inflammation (major cause of tissue injury)
- Necrosis (cell death from any cause, including ischemia, toxins, and trauma)
- Dystrophic calcification (abnormal calcium deposits in injured tissues)
- Inflammation is a response to tissue injury and can lead to various diseases, such as:
- Autoimmune diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)
- Allergic diseases (e.g., asthma)
Uterine Smooth Muscle Cells
- Uterine smooth muscle cells:
- Can become hypertrophied (enlarged) in response to pregnancy or other stimuli
- Can accumulate abnormal substances, such as glycogen or calcium
Myocardial Hypertrophy
- Myocardial hypertrophy:
- Can occur in response to hypertension or other stimuli
- Can lead to increased left ventricular wall thickness (> 2 cm)
Pathologic Consequences
- Pathologic accumulations and cellular responses to injury can have significant consequences, such as:
- Injury to tissues and organs
- Impaired tissue function
- Increased risk of disease and death
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Description
This quiz covers the anatomy and development of the uterus, including its structure and changes during pregnancy. It also explores the characteristics of uterine smooth muscle cells.