Questions and Answers
What percentage of this population is probably heterozygous for the fur color trait?
42%
What organelle is most likely malfunctioning in Pompe's disease?
lysosome
Transport of which nutrient across the intestinal epithelium is by passive diffusion?
fructose
Which two brain centers control mammalian respiration?
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Match the following terms with their corresponding descriptions:
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What is the main explanation for the lack of a continuing abiotic origin of life on Earth today?
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What floral pattern results from a mutation in Gene C which prevents its expression?
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What fraction of the F2 plants will be 27 cm in height?
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To be functional, a linear chromosome most often contains at least?
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Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system is most important to a zebra fleeing from a lion?
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What reproductive isolating mechanism is closest to breeders keeping different dog breeds physically separate?
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What information did the genetic counselor need to claim that none of the couple's children will have the disease?
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How might you determine that your suspension includes glyoxysomes and peroxisomes?
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To increase pH toward normal in acidosis, how would the ventilation rate change?
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What enzyme does HIV use to convert RNA to DNA?
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The promoter region of a prokaryotic gene is located ______ to the gene and is the binding site for ______.
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Which of the following is TRUE of prokaryotes? I. Simultaneous transcription and translation II. Presence of intron sequences III. Circular DNA
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Which amino acids would you MOST expect to find in the transmembrane region of integral transmembrane proteins?
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What is the G + C content in Mycobacterium tuberculosis if 18% of the bases are adenine?
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What is the proportion of carrier individuals in a population affected by an autosomally recessive inherited disorder, with a frequency of affected individuals being 1 in 4?
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What cell myelinates the axon in the peripheral nervous system?
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Where are the cell bodies of afferent (sensory) nerves involved in somatic reflexes located?
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Rods and cones are associated with _____ and _____ vision, respectively.
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Populations that are living at a density near the limit of their resources are characterized as?
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Wild-type p53 in many types of cancer is MOST likely to be a?
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What glycolytic product is shuttled to the mitochondria in aerobic respiration?
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What process leads to the formation of three germ layers during human development?
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Telomerase is responsible for _____ the size of telomeres, and its function is often ____ in carcinogenesis.
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Which of the following is NOT a mode of natural selection?
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Protostomes have _____ and _____ types of cleavage.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all chordates?
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In cardiac muscle, calcium ions can move freely between adjacent cells through which structure?
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Unlike most polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones are unique in that they?
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In superoxide dismutase 1, what role does the copper ion play?
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What is the order of normal blood flow through the human heart?
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What type of separation does allopatric speciation refer to?
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Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
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What is an example of movement of ions across the membrane from higher to lower concentrations through a channel protein?
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Which group of plants has vascular tissue but does not produce seeds?
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Which of the following is true for transport in xylem?
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Predation is considered a _________ interaction, while Mutualism is considered a ___________ interaction.
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Which of the following organisms is INCORRECTLY paired with its trophic level?
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Which of the following is an example of habituation?
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What is the relationship between gene 'C' for color and another gene influencing color in a certain mouse?
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During migrations, some birds use which of the following as reference frameworks? I. The sun II. Constellations III. Earth's magnetic field
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Generally, in which types of ecosystem are more species per square kilometer found?
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In the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis, RUBP is used and PGA is formed.
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Which is TRUE of the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) of photosynthesis?
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What is the dominant generation in the fern life cycle?
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How would ACTH and CRF hormone production change in a person on cortisol medication?
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Where would carbon particles likely be found in mice after injection?
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What nutrient creates the greatest need for osmoregulation in the body?
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During translation in prokaryotes, what does the ribosome bind to?
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What determines the quaternary structure of a protein?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic division of the nervous system?
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When a growing seedling is placed in an east-facing window, where will active auxin accumulate?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all mammalian species?
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What is true regarding the lac repressor of E.coli if it is mutated so that it never binds to the operator?
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What type of cells are characterized by many loosely packed cells with chloroplasts?
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Choose the correct statement regarding a biomass pyramid shown in an exam.
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Which would likely increase competition among voles in an area?
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What genetic material does the tobacco mosaic virus contain?
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An amphipathic molecule is characterized by?
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What is the function of a molecular chaperone?
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Why is Ethidium Bromide used in electrophoresis of DNA fragments?
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In which geologic epoch did Homo sapiens first appear?
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Which marine community would be LEAST affected by a volcanic eruption or meteor impact?
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What is a unique feature of fertilization in angiosperms?
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What provides support for the plant body?
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What does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle assume?
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Which group will produce the greatest volume of urine after different liquid intakes?
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Which protein tags proteins for degradation by proteasome activity?
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Which of the following statements is true of territorial behavior?
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What is true about an RNA-binding membrane after gel electrophoresis?
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How many net NADH and ATP molecules are generated from each pyruvate molecule during pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle?
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Which characteristic is an adaptation of temperate climatic zone plants?
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Which statement is acceptable regarding plant growth?
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Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
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In which type of cell does crossing over occur?
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What is the frequency of the a allele in a population of 15 AA, 25 Aa, and 10 aa individuals?
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Which groups represent a monophyletic taxon?
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What is a ribozyme?
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What behavioral explanation describes the actions taken by live ants towards dead ants?
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Which of the following characteristics do vascular plants NOT share?
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What is significant about the production of genetically engineered 'golden rice'?
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How many different diatom species were found in one mile of a stream in a certain investigation?
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After observing a second site downstream and finding only 20 different diatom species, what can be inferred?
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Study Notes
HIV and Enzymes
- Reverse Transcriptase is the enzyme HIV uses to convert its RNA into DNA.
Genetics Terminology
- In prokaryotes, the promoter region is located at the 5' end of the gene and serves as a binding site for RNA polymerase.
- Prokaryotes exhibit simultaneous transcription and translation and possess circular DNA, but do not have intron sequences.
Membrane Proteins
- Integral transmembrane proteins likely contain hydrophobic amino acids such as Tryptophan in their transmembrane regions.
Bacterial Genomics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a G + C content of 64% if 18% of its bases are adenine.
Inheritance Patterns
- In a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with an autosomal recessive disorder frequency of 1 in 4, the proportion of carrier individuals is 50%.
Neural Conduction
- Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system, which increases action potential conduction velocity.
Sensory Nerves
- The cell bodies of afferent (sensory) nerves involved in somatic reflexes are located in the dorsal root ganglion.
Vision
- Rods are associated with light/dark vision, while cones are linked to color vision.
Population Ecology
- K-selected species are typically found in populations living at densities near resource limits.
Cancer Biology
- The p53 gene functions as a tumor suppressor, and its loss is common in various cancers.
Cellular Respiration
- Pyruvate is the glycolytic product that is shuttled to the mitochondria during aerobic respiration.
Developmental Biology
- Gastrulation is the process that leads to the formation of the three germ layers in human development.
Telomeres and Carcinogenesis
- Telomerase maintains telomere size and its function can increase during carcinogenesis.
Natural Selection
- Sexual selection is not considered a mode of natural selection.
Developmental Biology
- Protostomes exhibit spiral and determinate types of cleavage.
Chordates
- Not all chordates possess vertebrae; this is not a universal characteristic.
Cardiac Muscle Physiology
- Calcium ions in cardiac muscle move freely through gap junctions between adjacent cells.
Hormonal Differences
- Unlike most polypeptide hormones, steroid hormones can diffuse across cell membranes.
Enzymatic Activity
- In superoxide dismutase 1, copper functions as a cofactor essential for enzyme activity.
Blood Circulation
- The normal flow of blood through the heart follows this path: right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body.
Speciation
- Allopatric speciation occurs due to geographic separation.
Amino Acid Structure
- Amino acids always contain both a carboxyl group and an amine group.
Membrane Transport
- Facilitated diffusion describes the movement of ions across membranes from high to low concentrations through channel proteins.
Plant Classification
- Ferns are vascular plants that do not produce seeds, unlike mosses and gymnosperms.
Xylem Function
- The movement of water and nutrients in xylem primarily relies on transpiration.
Interaction Types
- Predation is a -/+ interaction while mutualism is a +/+ interaction.
Trophic Levels
- The trophic level assignment of a beetle as a secondary consumer can be incorrect.
Behavioral Ecology
- Habituation is exemplified by Hydra that initially respond to touch but eventually stop.
Genetic Interactions
- Epistasis occurs when one gene affects the expression of another gene; as in the black and brown color genes in mice.
Migration in Birds
- Birds migrate using various reference frameworks including the sun, constellations, and Earth's magnetic field.
Biodiversity and Ecosystem
- Coral reefs generally host more species per square kilometer compared to other ecosystems.
Photosynthesis
- In the dark reaction (Calvin cycle), RUBP is utilized and PGA is formed, using carbon dioxide.
Plant Life Cycle
- The diploid sporophyte generation is dominant in the life cycle of ferns.
Hormonal Regulation
- In conditions of cortisol medication, ACTH levels typically decrease while CRF levels may increase.
Immune System and Blood
- After injecting carbon particles into mice, the highest concentration is expected in monocytes of the spleen.
Kidneys and Osmoregulation
- Diets high in protein create a greater need for osmoregulation by the kidneys.
Translation in Prokaryotes
- During prokaryotic translation, the ribosome binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.
Protein Structure
- The quaternary structure of a protein involves interactions between the amino acids of different polypeptide chains.
Nervous System
- Functions not attributable to the parasympathetic division include stimulation of the adrenal medulla.
Plant Growth Direction
- Active auxin accumulates on the west side of a seedling placed in an east-facing window.
Mammalian Characteristics
- Not all mammalian species possess a placenta.
Gene Regulation
- Mutation of the lac repressor in E. coli affecting operator binding results in dependence on glucose concentration.
Plant Tissues
- Parenchyma cells in leaves are characterized by loosely packed structure and contain many chloroplasts.
Population Ecology
- Rapid reproduction of voles would increase competition among the population in a given area.
Virus Properties
- Tobacco mosaic virus retains properties of the original virus when mixed with proteins from another virus.
Molecular Characterization
- Amphipathic molecules feature distinct hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Protein Folding
- Molecular chaperones assist in the proper folding of proteins via binding to their specific structures.
DNA Techniques
- Ethidium Bromide is used in DNA electrophoresis for visualizing fragments under UV light.
Geological Epochs
- Homo sapiens first appeared during the Pleistocene epoch.
Resilience of Marine Communities
- Deep sea vent communities are least affected by significant atmospheric debris reducing sunlight.
Angiosperm Fertilization
- Fertilization in angiosperms involves a double fusion event, one sperm fertilizes the egg, and another fuses with polar nuclei.
Plant Structure
- Sclerenchyma cells primarily provide structural support for plants.
Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions
- The Hardy-Weinberg principle does not assume that the frequency of dominant alleles exceeds recessive alleles.
Physiology and Urine Volume
- Coffee consumption leads to increased urine production compared to saline solutions or regular water.
Protein Degradation
- Ubiquitin tags proteins for degradation by the proteasome.
Territorial Behavior
- Territorial "owners" mainly defend their territory against members of the same species (conspecifics).
Gene Expression Experimentation
- A hybridization experiment with RNA extracts can help determine if a specific gene is expressed in liver cells.
Metabolic Pathways
- Inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase affects ATP and NADH generation during cellular respiration.
Plant Adaptations
- Dormant buds are a notable adaptation in temperate climate plants.
Flowering Responses
- Long-day plants can flower even with interruptions of darkness by short light periods.
Second Messenger Concept
- Magnesium ions do not function as second messengers in cellular signaling.
Calvin Cycle Dynamics
- The reduction phase of the Calvin cycle mirrors the energy payoff phase of glycolysis in reverse.
Ecosystem Production
- Ecosystems ranked by average net primary production: open ocean, savanna, temperate forest, tropical rainforest.
Parental Investment
- In mammals, higher parental investment by females is due to their typical K-selected reproductive strategy.
Plant Reproductive Structures
- The megagametophyte is integral to the egg-producing structures in plants.
Vaccine Boosters
- Booster vaccinations enhance blood antibody levels and increase effector cell populations.
Genetic Probability
- In a cross of gray mice, the probability of offspring not having white fur is 3 out of 4.
Aquatic Zones
- The limnetic zone in lakes contains the highest concentration of phytoplankton.
Oxygen Affinity Differences
- Myoglobin exhibits a greater affinity for oxygen compared to hemoglobin.
Photosynthesis Limiting Factors
- Oxygen production in photosynthesis can become limited by light intensity and CO2 concentration at different stages.
Evolution Complexity
- Monocots being secondary flowering plants indicates that evolutionary pathways may not ascend from simple forms to more complex ones.
Growth Rate Calculations
- In a deer population, the birth-to-death ratio can determine the population growth rate ( r ) of 0.09 based on recorded births and deaths.
Kidney Failure Symptoms
- Kidney failure often results in elevated salt concentrations in the blood due to impaired regulation.
Diatom Distribution
- Variability in diatom species diversity indicates the effect of organic waste input into streams.
Plant Growth Patterns
- Variability in growth forms in plants can include the absence of secondary growth in some species.
ATP's Role in Metabolism
- ATP plays a crucial role in metabolism owing to its high-energy phosphate bonds that facilitate energy transfer.
Genetic Variation Mechanism
- Crossing over contributes to genetic diversity during gamete production by exchanging segments between homologous chromosomes.
Allele Frequency Calculation
- In a population, the frequency of allele "a" can be calculated using the Hardy-Weinberg equation yielding a value of 0.45.
Cladistics and Taxonomy
- Monophyletic groups in cladistics include all descendants from a### Plant Height Genetic Crosses
- Two strains of the same species have a mean height of 24 cm.
- F1 generation from crossing these strains also exhibits a height of 24 cm.
- F2 generation shows a diverse range of heights, predominantly resembling P1 and F1.
- Approximately 0.4% of F2 plants are only 12 cm tall, while another 0.4% are 36 cm tall.
- The fraction of F2 plants that are 27 cm tall is 56/256.
Genetic Considerations
- Each allele contributes equally to the plant height phenotype.
- This variation indicates polygenic inheritance where multiple genes affect a single trait.
Chromosome Structure
- A functional linear chromosome must contain:
- At least two telomeres.
- One centromere.
- Numerous origins of replication to support DNA replication.
Autonomic Nervous System Function
- The sympathetic nervous system is critical for immediate responses, such as a zebra fleeing from a lion, providing 'fight or flight' responses.
Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms
- Breeders keeping different dog breeds physically separated during heat mimics ecological isolation, preventing crossbreeding.
Genetic Counseling in Recessive Diseases
- Genetic counselors can assure no children will inherit a recessive disease if both parents have mutations in different genes that lead to the same condition phenotype.
Isolating Cellular Organelles
- Differential centrifugation can separate organelles like glyoxysomes and peroxisomes.
- Validation of the organelle presence in the suspension can be done by performing an assay for the enzyme catalase.
Acid-Base Balance and Ventilation
- In case of acidosis, to normalize pH, the ventilation rate should increase, resulting in a decrease in arterial PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide).
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Test your knowledge on key biology concepts with these USABO practice flashcards. Focus on enzymes, gene structures, and prokaryotic characteristics to enhance your understanding of molecular biology. Perfect for students preparing for the USABO competition.