US Supreme Court and Federal Law

Questions and Answers

Which requirement is necessary for a proposed amendment to the Constitution?

It can be proposed by a simple majority in Congress.

It must be approved by the President.

It must receive agreement from 2/3 of both the House and Senate. (correct)

It must be signed by a majority of state governors.

What is the Supremacy Clause primarily concerned with?

Establishing the powers of the Executive branch.

Defining the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

The process for introducing a bill in Congress.

Federal law being supreme over state law. (correct)

Which of the following rights is protected under the Bill of Rights?

The right to impose religious tests for public office.

The right to unrestricted online speech.

The right to bear arms. (correct)

The right to a military trial.

What does the Sixth Amendment guarantee?

The right to a fair and speedy trial. Signup and view all the answers

What significant ruling established the principle of Judicial Review?

Marbury v. Madison Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT part of the Bill of Rights?

Right to vote in federal elections. Signup and view all the answers

How can an amendment be ratified after being proposed?

By ¾ of state legislatures or conventions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding the powers of Congress?

Congress has the sole power to declare war. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major limitation of the Articles of Confederation regarding legislative power?

They created a unicameral legislature. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for implementing the Bill of Rights in the US Constitution?

To limit the federal government’s powers. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of the Constitution prevents any one branch of government from becoming too powerful?

Separation of Powers Signup and view all the answers

How many states were required to approve changes to the Articles of Confederation?

Thirteen states Signup and view all the answers

What concept means that the government derives its power from the people?

Popular Sovereignty Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the 'father of the Constitution'?

James Madison Signup and view all the answers

What was one example of federal weakness under the Articles of Confederation?

The federal government did not have the power to tax. Signup and view all the answers

What legal authority does the Constitution provide for the organization of the US Government?

The framework for federalism. Signup and view all the answers

Which group supported a stronger central government and the Constitution?

Federalists Signup and view all the answers

What did Anti-Federalists primarily oppose regarding the Constitution?

The lack of a Bill of Rights Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Bill of Rights?

To protect individual liberties against government infringement Signup and view all the answers

Which article of the Constitution outlines the Legislative Branch?

Article I Signup and view all the answers

How many amendments are in the Constitution?

27 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the significant powers granted to the Executive Branch under Article II?

Appoint federal officers Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the impeachment process for Supreme Court judges?

They serve for life unless impeached Signup and view all the answers

What does the Preamble of the Constitution primarily state?

The purpose of the Constitution Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Judicial Power

Judicial power rests with the US Supreme Court and courts established by Congress.
Cases involving ambassadors go directly to the Supreme Court.
Judicial Review established in 1803 through Marbury v. Madison.

Important Articles of the Constitution

Article V (Amendments):
- Proposed amendments require 2/3 support from both House and Senate or 2/3 of state legislatures.
- Ratification needed from ¾ of state legislatures or conventions.
Article VI (Federal Power):
- Supremacy Clause: Federal law takes precedence over state law.
- Prohibits religious tests for public office.

Bill of Rights (First 10 Amendments)

1st Amendment: Guarantees freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.
2nd Amendment: Right to bear arms.
3rd Amendment: Protection against quartering soldiers.
4th Amendment: Safeguards against unreasonable searches and seizures.
5th Amendment: Rights related to indictment, due process, self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and eminent domain.
6th Amendment: Right to a fair and speedy public trial, notice of accusations, confrontation with accusers, subpoenas, and right to counsel.
7th Amendment: Right to a jury trial in civil cases.
8th Amendment: Prohibition of excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.
9th Amendment: Acknowledges rights not specifically enumerated in the Constitution.
10th Amendment: Powers not granted to the federal government are reserved for states and the people.

Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

Federalists: Advocated for a strong central government and supported the Constitution; key figures include Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay.
Anti-Federalists: Favored a weaker central government, opposed the Constitution without a Bill of Rights; notable members included Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry.

Ratification Process

Constitution adopted after ratification by New Hampshire.
A Bill of Rights was added once the new government convened.

Structure of the Constitution

Preamble: Outlines purpose.
Articles:
- Article I: Legislative Branch
- Article II: Executive Branch
- Article III: Judicial Branch
- Article IV: Relations Among States
- Article V: Amendment Process
- Article VI: Federal Power
- Article VII: Ratification
Total of 27 amendments.

Legislative Branch (Article I)

Bicameral structure: Senate (2 senators from each state) and House of Representatives (representation based on state population).
Senators serve 6-year terms; Representatives serve 2-year terms.
Important powers: Make laws, set taxes, declare war, override vetoes, borrow money, regulate trade, and print money.

Executive Branch (Article II)

Comprised of President and Vice President, elected for 4-year terms.
Qualifications: Minimum age of 35, 14-year residency, natural-born citizen.
Powers include serving as Commander-in-Chief, granting pardons, making treaties, appointing federal officers, and ensuring law execution.

Judicial Branch (Article III)

Supreme Court justices serve for life unless impeached.
Authoritative in deciding constitutional law matters.

Principles of the Constitution

Popular Sovereignty: Government power derives from the people.
Limited Government: Authority is restricted by law; government can only act as permitted by the people.
Separation of Powers: Distribution of functions among branches to prevent concentration of power.
Checks and Balances: Ensures that no branch becomes too powerful.
Federalism: Division of powers between national and state governments.

Reasons for Constitution Writing

Addressed weaknesses of Articles of Confederation, such as lack of separation of powers, a weak central government, and inability to tax or enact major laws efficiently.

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Description

Explore the intricacies of the US Supreme Court's judicial power and its crucial role in federal law. This quiz covers significant cases such as Marbury v. Madison and the constitutional articles that pertain to amendments and federal authority. Test your knowledge of the judicial review process and its historical context.