Chapter 13
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of the judiciary in the U.S. government?

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Which case established the principle of judicial review?

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What significant change did the Eleventh Amendment introduce regarding state sovereignty?

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Who was the chief justice credited with defining the modern role of the Supreme Court?

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In the structure of the federal judicial system, which courts are directly below the Supreme Court?

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What key power was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison?

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What was the outcome of Marbury v. Madison concerning William Marbury's commission?

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How does the common law system in the United States differ from code law systems?

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What was the outcome of the National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius case regarding the ACA?

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In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, what aspect of the ACA was addressed by the Supreme Court?

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What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the case involving Samantha Elauf and Abercrombie & Fitch?

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How does the Supreme Court influence interpretations of the Constitution?

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What is the primary method by which the Supreme Court enforces individual rights?

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Which of the following was a significant outcome of Brown v. Board of Education?

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What does judicial review allow the courts to do?

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What is the primary role of the Supreme Court according to the U.S. Constitution?

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What did Alexander Hamilton argue about the federal judiciary in Federalist No. 78?

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Which of the following best describes the concept of appellate jurisdiction?

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Under what circumstances does the Supreme Court exercise original jurisdiction?

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Which of the following best reflects the relationship between the courts and justice, according to Hamilton?

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Which type of law primarily deals with disputes involving harm or injury between private parties?

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Under which circumstance would a case likely fall under federal jurisdiction?

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What percentage of all cases in the U.S. court system are typically heard at the state level?

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Which of the following is a characteristic of federal courts?

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In which case would the federal courts intervene if the matter started in state courts?

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What is the primary role of the U.S. Supreme Court in the dual court system?

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Which Supreme Court case established that women have a constitutional right to abortion?

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What determines whether cases from state courts can reach the U.S. Supreme Court?

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Which statement accurately reflects the dual court system?

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What did the Supreme Court rule regarding the use of midazolam in lethal injections?

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What was the result of Ernesto Miranda's retrial in state court?

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What does the dual court system provide to individuals?

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What issue exemplifies the challenges posed by differing state laws?

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Why were Nebraska and Oklahoma concerned about Colorado's marijuana laws?

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What was one critical outcome of the Supreme Court's ruling for Miranda?

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How does the selection method of judges at the state level potentially influence court rulings?

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What is one consequence of the decentralized court systems across different states?

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What role does precedent play in the operations of federal courts?

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How many U.S. district courts are there in the national system?

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What is the key function of circuit courts within the federal judicial system?

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Flashcards

Court Jurisdiction

The authority of a court to hear cases and make decisions about them.

Original Jurisdiction

A case heard for the first time in a court.

Appellate Jurisdiction

A case heard on appeal from a lower court, where the higher court can change the lower court's decision.

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to interpret laws and ensure they don't violate the Constitution.

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Separation of Powers

A principle stating that the judicial branch should be independent from the executive and legislative branches.

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Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case where the court declared an act of Congress unconstitutional for the first time, firmly establishing the power of judicial review.

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District Courts

The lowest level of federal courts where cases are tried, evidence is presented, and witnesses testify.

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Circuit Courts (Courts of Appeals)

The court that reviews decisions made by the lower courts, the district courts, and can overturn or uphold their verdicts.

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Supreme Court

The highest court in the United States, responsible for reviewing appeals from lower courts and making final decisions on major legal issues.

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Judicial Fine-Tuning

The process where the Supreme Court defines and modifies laws passed by Congress and the President.

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Marbury v. Madison (1803)

The Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review in the United States. The Court ruled that a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional.

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Common Law

A legal system where laws are primarily developed through judicial decisions, setting precedents for future cases. It contrasts with code law, which is based on detailed, written laws.

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Judicial Policymaking

The ability of the courts to influence public policy through their rulings and interpretations of laws. This differs from the legislative branch's statutory policymaking and the executive branch's regulatory policymaking.

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The Affordable Care Act (ACA)

The Affordable Care Act, a landmark healthcare law passed in 2010, aimed at expanding access to affordable health insurance. It has faced numerous legal challenges, including cases about its constitutionality and specific provisions. The Supreme Court has played a significant role in shaping the law through these legal challenges.

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Individual Right to Handgun Ownership

The right of an individual to possess a handgun in their home, recognized by the Supreme Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010).

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Miranda Rights

The right of a criminal suspect to be informed of their constitutional rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney, as established by the Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona (1966).

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Right to Abortion

The right of women to have an abortion, recognized by the Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade (1973).

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Same-Sex Marriage

The right of same-sex couples to marry in all states, affirmed by the Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015).

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Dual Court System

The system of courts in the United States, comprised of both federal and state courts, each with its own three-tiered structure of trial courts, appellate courts, and courts of last resort.

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Civil Law Cases

Cases involving private individuals or organizations, where one party claims harm or injury caused by the other.

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Criminal Law Cases

Cases involving violations of laws established by the government, with the government as the prosecutor.

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Jurisdiction

The specific type of cases a court is authorized to hear and decide.

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Federal Court Jurisdiction

Cases where the federal government is a party, involve violations of federal laws, or touch upon the US Constitution.

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Supremacy Clause

The principle that the United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land and overrides any state laws that conflict with it.

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Jurisdictional Variance

A situation where laws on a certain issue differ between states, leading to inconsistent application and legal challenges. This can be seen in the case of marijuana legalization.

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Marijuana as a Schedule 1 Drug

The federal law that classifies marijuana as a Schedule 1 drug, deemed to have no medical value and high potential for abuse. This classification creates conflict with states that have legalized marijuana for medicinal or recreational use.

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Precedent

A legal principle where courts follow previous decisions made in similar cases. This creates consistency and helps build on established legal principles, making legal interpretations more stable.

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Courts of Appeals (Circuit Courts)

Courts that review decisions made by lower federal courts (district courts). They determine if lower court decisions followed the proper procedures and applied the law correctly. They can overturn or uphold the lower court's verdict.

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