US History: Progressive Era Terms

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Questions and Answers

How did the philosophies of Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner contribute to the concept of Social Darwinism?

They applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to society, arguing that the wealthy and powerful were naturally more fit and that government intervention should be limited.

In what ways did the Nineteenth Amendment expand democratic participation in the United States?

The Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote, effectively enfranchising half the population and expanding the electorate.

Explain the central conflict in the Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon.

The conflict was whether a state law limiting the working hours of women was constitutional. The court upheld the law, citing women's unique physical limitations.

What was the significance of the Hetch Hetchy Valley controversy in the context of the conservation movement?

It highlighted the division between preservationists, like John Muir, who wanted to protect wilderness, and conservationists, like Gifford Pinchot, who advocated for the sustainable use of natural resources. Signup and view all the answers

How were the Espionage and Sedition Acts used to suppress dissent during World War I?

These acts criminalized speech and activities that were critical of the government or the war effort, leading to the arrest and prosecution of many anti-war activists. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the key events and outcomes associated with the Red Scare in the 1920s.

The Red Scare was a period of intense anti-communist hysteria that led to widespread raids, arrests, and deportations of suspected radicals and immigrants. Signup and view all the answers

In what ways did Herbert Hoover's philosophy of 'Associationalism' shape his response to the Great Depression?

Hoover believed in voluntary cooperation between businesses and communities rather than direct government intervention, which proved largely ineffective in addressing the crisis. Signup and view all the answers

What were the key differences between Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 'First' and 'Second' New Deals?

The First New Deal focused on relief and recovery, while the Second New Deal emphasized social reform and greater government intervention in the economy. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Glass-Steagall Banking Act aim to stabilize the banking system during the Great Depression?

It separated commercial banking from investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure bank deposits. Signup and view all the answers

What were the primary goals and impacts of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?

The CCC provided jobs for unemployed young men in conservation projects, such as planting trees and building parks, providing economic relief and environmental benefits. Signup and view all the answers

How did Dorothea Lange's photography, particularly 'Migrant Mother,' contribute to public awareness of the Great Depression?

Her powerful images captured the human suffering and hardship caused by the Depression, evoking empathy and support for government relief efforts. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose and significance of the Neutrality Acts passed by the United States in the 1930s.

These acts aimed to prevent the U.S. from becoming involved in foreign wars by restricting arms sales and loans to belligerent nations. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Lend-Lease Program, and how did it alter the United States' policy of neutrality during World War II?

The Lend-Lease Program allowed the U.S. to provide military aid to Allied nations without directly entering the war, effectively ending any real neutrality. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the key steps involved in the Manhattan Project, and identify the roles of Leslie Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer.

The Manhattan Project was a top-secret effort to develop the atomic bomb. Leslie Groves was in charge of the overall project, and J. Robert Oppenheimer was the scientific director of the Los Alamos laboratory. Signup and view all the answers

What were the strategic objectives behind the firebombing of Dresden and Tokyo during World War II?

The strategic goal behind the firebombing of Dresden and Tokyo was to destroy industrial capacity and demoralize the civilian population to hasten the end of the war. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Robert McNamara and Curtis LeMay play in the strategic bombing campaigns of World War II, and what were their differing perspectives on these operations?

Robert McNamara analyzed the effectiveness of bombing missions, aiming for precision, while Curtis LeMay advocated for more aggressive and widespread bombing to maximize destruction and demoralization, leading to significant civilian casualties. Signup and view all the answers

Explain the ethical considerations surrounding the use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

The use of atomic weapons raised questions about the justification of targeting civilian populations and the long-term consequences of radiation exposure. Signup and view all the answers

What factors motivated Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, and what were the immediate consequences of this event?

Japan aimed to cripple the U.S. Pacific Fleet to expand its empire in Asia. The attack led to the U.S. declaring war on Japan and entering World War II. Signup and view all the answers

What were the goals of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and how did it differ from previous relief efforts?

The WPA aimed to reduce unemployment and provide a stimulus to the economy. It directly hired millions of job-seekers to carry out public works projects, rather than simply giving money as relief. Signup and view all the answers

How did the economic conditions created by the Dust Bowl contribute to internal migration within the United States during the 1930s?

The Dust Bowl devastated agricultural lands, forcing many farmers and their families to migrate westward in search of work and better living conditions. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Social Darwinism

Belief that individuals and groups are subject to Darwinian laws of natural selection.

Laissez-faire

The doctrine that government should not interfere in the economy.