The Progressive Era

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Questions and Answers

What defined the concept of the "new woman" during the Progressive Era?

  • A rejection of Victorian ideals accompanied by pursuing education, careers, and active participation in public life. (correct)
  • A commitment to radical political activism and socialist ideologies.
  • Adherence to traditional domestic roles while advocating for improved family life.
  • Strict focus on religious activities and charitable work within their communities.

How did women's clubs reflect both the influence and restrictions placed upon women during the Progressive Era?

  • By openly challenging gender norms and achieving full equality in professional fields .
  • By advocating for radical social reforms while remaining confined to domestic issues.
  • By focusing solely on cultural activities and avoiding involvement in controversial public issues.
  • By providing avenues for intellectual and social engagement yet being excluded from formal political processes. (correct)

Which argument was most influential in garnering public support for women's suffrage during the Progressive Era?

  • Women deserve the right to vote as a matter of basic human equality.
  • Granting women the vote would purify politics and uplift society. (correct)
  • Denying women the vote was a violation of their property rights as taxpayers.
  • Women's suffrage would lead to significant economic gains for women in the workforce.

What factor contributed to women gaining the right to vote earlier in the Western states compared to the East?

<p>Western states were less influenced by traditional social hierarchies and gender roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happened to the women's movement in the United States after the achievement of suffrage in 1920?

<p>It experienced internal divisions and a shift in focus toward other social and economic issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the proponents of municipal government reform during the Progressive Era?

<p>They were middle-class reformers advocating for efficiency, nonpartisanship, and professional management. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did measures like the commission plan, the city-manager plan, and at-large elections aim to weaken the power of urban political party bosses?

<p>By distributing power among elected commissioners or a hired professional, and eliminating ward-based representation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of progressive reforms such as the initiative, referendum, direct primary, and recall?

<p>To empower citizens and increase their direct participation in the political process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the key factor that distinguished successful progressive governors from those who were less effective?

<p>Their skillful use of executive power and public support to advance reforms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the weakening of political parties during the Progressive Era contribute to the rise of interest groups?

<p>With the decline of party loyalty, interest groups gained influence as alternative channels for influencing policy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Theodore Roosevelt's personal characteristics play in his rise to the presidency?

<p>His energy, charisma, and commitment to reform resonated with the public and propelled him into office. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central idea behind Theodore Roosevelt's "Square Deal?"

<p>To ensure fair treatment for all segments of society: capital, labor, and the public. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Theodore Roosevelt expand the power of the federal government?

<p>By enacting legislation to regulate interstate commerce and industries, such as the Hepburn Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Theodore Roosevelt's contribution to conservation and preservation efforts?

<p>He established numerous national parks and forests, and promoted conservation as a national priority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main point of contention in the Hetch Hetchy Controversy?

<p>Whether to dam a river in Yosemite National Park to provide water for San Francisco. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did conservationists play in the Hetch Hetchy Controversy?

<p>They were divided between preservationists who opposed the dam and conservationists who supported it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the central concept of Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom?"

<p>Greater economic opportunity for small businesses and farmers through antitrust action and tariff reduction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which economic policies were enacted to support Woodrow Wilson's "New Freedom?"

<p>The creation of the Federal Reserve System and the passage of the Clayton Antitrust Act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personal experience did Theodore Roosevelt have that helped him assume the role of president?

<p>He was William McKinley's Vice President. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the ultimate goal of two economic policies that helped Wilson's "New Freedom?"

<p>Promote greater economic opportunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes how Robert La Follette impacted the Progressive period?

<p>He was a reform governor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Along with initiative and referendum, which of the following was also an electoral reform?

<p>Direct primary elections. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did interest groups rise in influence during the progressive period?

<p>The influence of special-interest groups increased. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups would be most against prohibiting alcohol?

<p>Catholic immigrants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the anti-immigration movement, which of the following arguments was NOT a fuel for progressives?

<p>A completely open immigration policy was contrary to American tradition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of professional opportunities were available for women in the early twentieth century?

<p>The jobs were mostly those that corresponded to traditionally female roles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which socioeconomic class did the women's club movement primarily draw its members?

<p>The urban middle and upper classes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes women's club movements?

<p>They challenged assumptions about the proper role of women in society. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes women gaining the right to vote in the early twentieth century, prior to the Nineteenth Amendment?

<p>Women gained the right to vote in the majority of the states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the most important professional opportunity open to educated African American women in the early years of the twentieth century?

<p>Education. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When was the secret ballot adopted by most states?

<p>During the late nineteenth century. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the job title of the person hired by elected city officials to run the government?

<p>City manager. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a progressive electoral reform measure?

<p>Election by district or ward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Progressive Impulses

Reform impulses characterized by a belief in progress, direct intervention, and social justice.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who exposed social ills, corruption, and corporate malfeasance.

Social Gospel Movement

A movement applying Christian ethics to social problems, advocating for justice and reform.

Social Darwinism

Emphasized individual success through competition; Progressives advocated cooperation and intervention.

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Settlement House Movement

Addressed urban poverty and provided social services to immigrants and the poor.

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Social Work Profession

Trained professionals focused on helping others. Addams' Hull House exemplified its purpose.

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"New Woman"

Educated, independent women who challenged traditional gender roles and sought personal fulfillment.

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Women's Club Movement

Advocated for social reforms, influenced legislation on housing, and workplace regulations.

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Arguments for Women's Suffrage

Argued for fairness, equality, and the positive impact of women’s votes on social reform.

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Arguments Against Women's Suffrage

Claimed it would disrupt traditional roles and family structures. These arguments emphasized preserving the home.

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Municipal Government Reform

Sought to limit the influence of party bosses using measures like the commission plan, city-manager plan, and at-large elections.

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Initiative, Referendum, Recall

Empowered citizens to propose laws (initiative), vote on laws (referendum), and remove officials (recall).

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Progressive Governors

Key governors demonstrated, effective leadership was the key to successful reform. Wisconsin's Robert M. La Follette exemplifies this.

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Rise of Interest Groups

As parties weakened, special-interest groups grew, advocating for specific issues.

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Organized Labor

Sought to improve working conditions and protect workers' rights through collective bargaining.

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Survival of Urban Political Machines

Some machines adapted by providing social services and maintaining voter loyalty.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

Advocated immediate racial equality, using legal action, and activism to combat discrimination.

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NAACP

Sought immediate equality and fought discrimination through legal and political action.

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Prohibition as Progressive Reform

Viewed as a way to reduce social disorder and address social problems associated with alcohol consumption.

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Nativism

Progressives differed on responses, nativism dominated, seeking to restrict immigration to preserve social order.

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Socialist Agenda

Advocated for public ownership of key industries to address inequality and exploitation.

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Progressive Approaches

Approached the problem with solutions such as regulation and trust busting.

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Teddy Roosevelt

He used his position to advocate for the common man and increase federal power. He is the accidental president.

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The Square Deal

Increased federal power to regulate interstate commerce and industries.

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Teddy Roosevelt's Conservation

He played a role in conservation and preservation efforts.

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New Freedom

Wilson's economic plan intended to promote fair competition by lowering tariffs and reforming the national banking system.

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Social Democracy

A political ideology advocating gradual and democratic transition to socialism.

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Alice Paul

Advocated for women's rights, organized demonstrations, and pushed for a constitutional amendment.

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Jane Addams

Founded Hull House and advocated for social reform and women's rights.

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Robert La Follette

Wisconsin governor, promoted progressive reforms at the state level.

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"Bull Moose" Party

Progressive Party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912.

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Louis Brandeis

Supreme Court Justice, defended workers' rights and privacy.

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Social Gospel

A religious movement that sought to improve society through Christian ethics.

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Eugenics

The pseudo-science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase desirable heritable characteristics

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Study Notes

  • Chapter focuses on the Progressive Era, covering its origins, reforms, key figures, and challenges

The Progressive Impulse

  • Progressivism aimed to improve society through reform
  • Muckrakers exposed societal problems, preparing the way for progressivism
  • The Social Gospel movement added a moral component to progressivism
  • Progressives believed environment influenced ignorance, poverty, and criminality
  • The "new middle class" and "new professionalism" emerged
  • These often excluded minorities and women

Women and Reform

  • The "new woman" was more independent and active in public life
  • Women's clubs played a role in reform
  • They were sometimes restricted by societal expectations
  • Arguments for women's suffrage included justice and the potential to improve society
  • Arguments against included disrupting the traditional family and women's supposed lack of political knowledge
  • The West was more open to women's suffrage than the East
  • The women's movement continued after suffrage was achieved in 1920, focusing on other issues

The Assault on the Parties

  • Municipal government reform aimed to reduce corruption and improve efficiency
  • Reform measures weakened the power of urban party bosses
  • Initiative, referendum, direct primary, and recall increased citizen participation
  • Effective leadership was key to successful reform at the state level
  • The weakening of political parties led to the rise of interest groups

Sources of Progressive Reform

  • Organized labor played a role in progressive reform efforts
  • Some urban political machines adapted to survive the progressive era
  • Progressivism was strong in the Western states
  • Booker T. Washington advocated for vocational training and accommodation for African Americans
  • W. E. B. Du Bois advocated for equal rights and higher education
  • The NAACP was founded to fight for civil rights

Crusade for Social Order and Reform

  • Prohibition was seen as a progressive issue to reduce social problems
  • Progressives differed on how to address the problems caused by immigration

Challenging the Capitalist Order

  • Progressives and socialists disagreed on solutions to economic problems
  • Socialists had varying opinions within their own movement
  • Progressives had different approaches to economic consolidation
  • Some favored regulation, while others favored trust-busting

Theodore Roosevelt and the Modern Presidency

  • Theodore Roosevelt's life experiences prepared him for the presidency
  • The "Square Deal" aimed to balance the interests of all Americans
  • Roosevelt helped pass legislation to regulate interstate commerce and industries
  • Roosevelt played a role in conservation and preservation efforts
  • The Hetch Hetchy Controversy involved a debate over damming a valley in Yosemite National Park

Woodrow Wilson and the New Freedom

  • Wilson's "New Freedom" aimed to promote competition and opportunity
  • Significant economic policies helped accomplish Wilson's "New Freedom"
  • Lowering tariffs with the underwood tariff act
  • A reformed banking system via the federal reserve act

America in the World: Social Democracy

  • Social democracy is a political ideology that supports economic and social interventions to promote social justice within a capitalist framework
  • It differs from socialism, which advocates for public ownership of the means of production
  • Progressive era reforms can be seen in other nations
  • The Progressive Party in the United States was short-lived

Key Terms

  • At-large election: candidates voted on by all voters
  • Encyclical: a letter on a current issue of church concern

People

  • Alice Paul: suffragist leader
  • Jane Addams: settlement house movement leader
  • Robert La Follette: progressive governor

Organizations

  • NAACP: civil rights organization
  • "Bull Moose" Party: progressive political party
  • IWW (“Wobblies”): radical labor organization

Concepts

  • Social Gospel: Protestant movement applying Christian ethics to social problems
  • Eugenics: movement promoting genetic purity through selective breeding
  • Muckrakers: investigative journalists exposing corruption
  • New Freedom: Woodrow Wilson's progressive agenda
  • New Nationalism: Theodore Roosevelt's progressive agenda

Events

  • Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire: industrial disaster highlighting unsafe working conditions
  • Hetch Hetchy: site of a controversial dam project
  • Prohibition: ban on alcohol

Multiple Choice Answers

    1. d. A dedication to the theory that the natural law of the marketplace and the doctrines of laissez­ faire and Social Darwinism would help solve societal problems.
    1. a. muckraking.
    1. b. the Salvation Army.
    1. a. helped bring to progressivism a powerful moral component.
    1. d. the effects of an undesirable environment.
    1. c. aiding the urban poor, especially immigrants.
    1. d. most often those involving "helping" or "domestic" activities associated with traditionally female roles.
    1. d. the urban middle and upper classes.
    1. d. played an important role in winning passage of state laws regulating conditions of housing and the workplace.
    1. d. enhance the likelihood of the successful enactment of other progressive reform causes.
    1. c. the majority of the states.
    1. c. education.
    1. d. during the late nineteenth century.
    1. b. city manager.
    1. d. election by district or ward
    1. c. a reform governor of Wisconsin.
    1. c. banning of interest groups
    1. c. influence of special-interest groups increased.
    1. a. Catholic immigrants
    1. d. A completely open immigration policy was contrary to American tradition.

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