Questions and Answers
What was the dominant United States government policy toward American Indians from the 1880s to the New Deal?
Assimilate them into White culture.
What is the 100th Meridian?
What steps did farmers take to adapt to ecological conditions west of the 100th meridian line?
The mining frontier played a vital role in which of the following?
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Which frontier towns were at the end of cattle trails from Texas?
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What was a result of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?
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Why did the U.S. government set aside lands for national parks?
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According to historian Frederick Jackson Turner, a key factor in the development of American individualism and democracy was?
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During the late nineteenth century, the reduction in price of American agricultural products led to?
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Where was the real 'safety valve' provided by the late nineteenth century?
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Which of the following is true about borderlands?
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Why is the closing of the frontier dated to 1890?
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Which of the following contributed to the decline of open-range cattle ranching at the end of the nineteenth century EXCEPT?
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What was the result of the United States not taking the advice of Chief Joseph?
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What did the events between Chief Joseph and the federal government demonstrate about U.S.-Native American relations in the late nineteenth century?
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What ended the reservation system?
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What does the image of the Battle of Little Bighorn suggest about who won the battle?
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What defines the reservation system?
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Why was the Dawes Severalty Act passed in 1887?
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Which factor was most damaging to Native Americans' way of life?
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Which statement is untrue about the Battle of Little Bighorn?
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What can be inferred about Sioux battle culture by looking at the image?
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Which of the following contributed most to the availability of western lands?
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Red Cloud was a _______ Indian strategist responsible for the ambush of ________'s command in ________.
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The Battle of Little Bighorn is also known as?
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What was the Sand Creek Massacre?
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The Dawes Severalty Act broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to ______, while leftover land was sold to fund efforts to _______.
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Which of the following was true of the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887?
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What was the primary cause of the conflict referenced in Chief Joseph's speech?
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What was Chief Joseph known for?
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What does the Peace Policy refer to?
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What can be inferred about Sioux battle culture regarding war paint?
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What describes Sitting Bull?
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What occurred during the Battle of Wounded Knee?
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What perspective do new historians have regarding the West?
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Which term describes African Americans who fled the South to settle in Kansas?
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The settlement pattern described in the excerpt indicates it was similar to earlier patterns in that it was?
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What was a cause of the Battle of Wounded Knee?
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What aspect of the mining industry is true?
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Which role did railways play in the development of the agricultural west?
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During the late nineteenth century, farmers complained about all of the following EXCEPT?
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Which statement about the 1862 Homestead Act is not true?
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Based on the map, which statement is true?
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What trend did U.S. policy from the 1880s to the New Deal promote regarding American Indians?
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Who was John Wesley Powell?
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What does the chart for 1890 indicate about U.S. economic conditions?
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What did the U.S. Census Bureau determine in 1890?
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What factor contributed most to increased settlement of the Great Plains?
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Study Notes
U.S.-Native American Relations
- The U.S. confining American Indians to reservations aimed at promoting assimilation rather than respecting treaties or cultural autonomy.
- Violent conflicts persisted between Native Americans and the government in the late 19th century, exemplified by events involving Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce.
Key Legislation and Events
- The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 ended the reservation system by breaking up tribal land and promoting individual land ownership among Native Americans.
- The Battle of Little Bighorn, known as "Custer's Last Stand," marked a significant defeat for U.S. forces, where over 250 soldiers were killed by a combined force of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho.
- The Sand Creek Massacre in 1864 involved militia forces attacking a Cheyenne village, leading to significant civilian casualties, including women and children.
Military Strategies and Conflict
- Sioux battle tactics often relied on elements of surprise and the use of war paint for intimidation.
- The Battle of Wounded Knee arose from tensions around the Sioux's "Ghost Dance," leading to a violent confrontation between U.S. Army and Dakota Sioux.
Cultural Figures
- Chief Joseph led the Nez Perce during a trek to find safety in Canada, symbolizing resistance against U.S. policies.
- Sitting Bull, a Sioux leader, guided his people to safety post-Battle of Little Bighorn, reinforcing the theme of Native resistance.
Major Themes in Settlement and Economics
- The 1862 Homestead Act aimed to promote settlement by providing land to citizens and immigrants who aimed to cultivate it, although land speculators exploited the act.
- The rise of railroads significantly boosted agricultural settlement in the Great Plains, facilitating transportation of goods and resources.
Ecological Adaptations
- Farmers adapted to the arid conditions west of the 100th meridian by employing dry farming techniques, using new plant strains, and implementing irrigation strategies.
Important Figures and Theories
- Frederick Jackson Turner theorized that the closing of the American frontier shaped the national character, influencing views on American identity.
- John Wesley Powell warned about the sustainability of agriculture in the arid West, advocating for scientific assessments of land use.
Social Movements and Migration
- African Americans migrating from the Reconstruction South to Kansas in the late 19th century were known as Exodusters, reflecting broader movements seeking new opportunities.
- The conflicts and migrations during this period emphasize the ongoing struggle for land and resources, affecting both Native Americans and settlers.
Summary of Impacts
- By the late 19th century, U.S. policies focused on land ownership transition and assimilation rather than respecting Native autonomy, significantly altering the fabric of American Indian societies.
- Economic struggles arose for many American farmers due to high costs and competition, contributing to discontent and social movements throughout the agricultural landscape.### Mining Frontier
- The mining frontier attracted a substantial white population to the West, facilitating settlement.
- Law and order emerged in the West due to the influence of the mining industry.
Cattle Trails
- Cattle trails led to frontier towns including Abilene, Kansas; Sedalia, Missouri; and Cheyenne, Wyoming.
- These towns served as key destinations for cattle drives from Texas.
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887
- The Dawes Act resulted in American Indians losing control of millions of acres of land.
- The Act aimed to assimilate and individualize land ownership among Native Americans.
National Parks
- The U.S. government established national parks to preserve land in the West.
- This action protected natural resources and landscapes for future generations.
Frontier's Influence
- Historian Frederick Jackson Turner emphasized the significance of the frontier in shaping American individualism and democracy.
Agricultural Challenges
- In the late 1800s, falling agricultural prices compelled farmers to increase production.
- Economic pressures led to heightened competition and financial struggles for farmers.
Safety Valve Concept
- Western cities like Denver and San Francisco acted as a "safety valve," providing escape routes for displaced populations.
Borderlands
- Borderlands are regions where different cultures, such as Hispanic and Anglophone, intermingle, particularly in areas like Texas to California.
- They historically served as meeting points between European empires and Native American societies.
Closing of the Frontier
- The frontier is considered closed as of 1890 when the census bureau indicated no identifiable line of advancing pioneer settlement.
- This marked a significant turning point in American expansion.
Decline of Open-Range Cattle Ranching
- Open-range cattle ranching declined due to excessively cold winters, overgrazing, a drop in cattle prices, and production shifts toward distant markets.
- Federal recognition of American Indian land claims was not a contributing factor to this decline.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the policies implemented by the United States towards Native Americans in Chapter 25. This quiz explores important concepts, events, and figures during this period. Review major themes such as assimilation, reservations, and cultural autonomy.