US Healthcare System Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which country has the highest average life expectancy according to the data provided?

  • Singapore
  • Japan
  • Hong Kong (correct)
  • Switzerland
  • What is the healthcare spending per person in the United States as of 2022?

  • $10,000
  • Over $15,000 (correct)
  • $12,000
  • $15,000
  • Which criteria is NOT considered when evaluating the quality of healthcare?

  • Geographical location (correct)
  • Care process
  • Administrative efficiency
  • Equity
  • Which country ranks third in healthcare quality based on the factors provided?

    <p>Netherlands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following countries ranks highest in healthcare spending per capita?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the average life expectancy in the United States compare to that of Hong Kong?

    <p>Lower than Hong Kong</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of healthcare quality, where does the United States rank compared to other countries?

    <p>11</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the factors considered when determining the quality of healthcare?

    <p>Healthcare outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of GDP did U.S. healthcare spending reach in 2022?

    <p>17.3%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors contributes to the complexity of obtaining health insurance in the U.S.?

    <p>Fragmented healthcare system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic factor can influence eligibility for health insurance in the U.S.?

    <p>Income level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of the U.S. healthcare system as stated?

    <p>Higher healthcare spending not linked to better outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the current U.S. healthcare system described as inflationary and wasteful?

    <p>It has a high administrative cost with little return on spending.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is not a typical barrier to obtaining health insurance in the U.S.?

    <p>Availability of universal healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the implications of having 26 million people without health insurance in 2022?

    <p>Increased healthcare cost burdens on hospitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does U.S. healthcare spending per person compare to other wealthy countries?

    <p>U.S. spends roughly twice as much</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential issue faced by international visitors regarding health insurance in the US?

    <p>They may not be legally allowed to work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'underinsured' imply in the context of multiple insurance plans?

    <p>Having gaps in covered services despite multiple plans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant contributor to medical errors being a leading cause of death in the US?

    <p>Fragmentation in healthcare regulation and delivery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is most likely to experience excess healthcare utilization?

    <p>Patients with high disposable incomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of diagnostic errors is estimated for various conditions?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might contribute to the maldistribution of healthcare access?

    <p>Higher education levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue faced by patients who are uninsured or underinsured?

    <p>They often receive too little care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trend was observed in outpatient medication errors between 1983 and 1993?

    <p>Doubling of fatal medication errors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which payment method requires providers to deliver all needed care for their population for a specified period?

    <p>Capitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of HMOs in terms of provider networks?

    <p>They require a primary-care physician to authorize services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of HMO do providers have no risk but may be influenced by utilization reviews?

    <p>Staff-model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism manages risks and claims that exceed projections in an HMO?

    <p>Risk pools</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which managed care organization type allows individuals to see any provider but has a financial incentive to choose within a network?

    <p>Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the network-model HMO's approach to contracts with providers?

    <p>Nonexclusive contracts allowing physicians to see patients outside of the HMO.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a gatekeeper in an HMO?

    <p>To coordinate and authorize all necessary medical services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Exclusive Provider Organizations (EPOs) from other types of managed care organizations?

    <p>They strictly limit provider participation to selected ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of a PBM utilizing limited networks?

    <p>Deeper discounts in return for increased volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are rebates typically structured in relation to PBMs?

    <p>Based on the level of prescribing or market share</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the NCPDP in claims adjudication?

    <p>To maintain standardized electronic data interchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of formulary allows all drugs to be covered?

    <p>Open formulary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tier in an incentivized formulary typically has the lowest copayment?

    <p>Generic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required from a physician for a medication under a non-preferred tier?

    <p>Prior authorization for coverage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Step-therapy requires patients to first try which type of medications?

    <p>Less expensive first-line drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What approach allows pharmacists to dispense therapeutically-equivalent drugs without a new prescription?

    <p>Therapeutic interchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    US Healthcare System

    • The US healthcare system is characterized by high spending but not necessarily higher life expectancy or quality of healthcare compared to other wealthy countries.
    • The US spends roughly twice as much per person on healthcare compared to other wealthy countries.
    • The US healthcare system is fragmented, with many different ways to get insurance, which can be confusing and time-consuming.
    • The US has the highest healthcare standards, with professional and facility licensures and certifications, as well as advanced technology available.
    • The US healthcare system is inflationary, wasteful, and unfair.
    • There are significant socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare outcomes in the US.
    • The US healthcare system is characterized by excess care (waste) for some and too little care for others, with factors like insurance coverage playing a large role.
    • The US healthcare system is also subject to maldistribution, where high socioeconomic patients have access to better healthcare, while lower socioeconomic patients face reduced access and higher costs.

    Excess Care

    • Out-of-network coverage is a major contributing factor to excess care in the US.
    • Managed Care Organizations (MCOs) are designed to control healthcare costs by managing provider networks and patient access.
    • Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) are a type of MCO that generally only cover care received within their network, with providers bearing some financial risk.
    • Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) are another type of MCO that allows individuals to see any provider but provides incentives for using in-network providers.

    PBM Services

    • Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs) are companies that manage prescription drug benefits for health plans.
    • PBMs negotiate discounts and rebates with pharmaceutical manufacturers, which can be based on factors like formulary status, prescribing volume, and market share.
    • PBMs also manage claims adjudication, formulary status, prior authorization, and therapeutic alternatives.
    • PBMs often utilize tiered copayment systems that encourage the use of preferred drugs over more expensive options. These tiers can include generic drugs, preferred brands, non-preferred brands, lifestyle drugs, and non-formulary drugs.

    Formularies

    • Formularies are lists of approved drugs that are covered by a health plan.
    • Formularies can be open, closed, or incented.
    • Open formularies cover all drugs. 
    • Closed formularies only cover drugs on the list.  
    • Incented formularies offer financial incentives to use preferred drugs, often through tiered copayment systems. 
    • Prior authorization programs require physicians to request approval from the PBM before certain drugs are covered.
    • Step-therapy programs require less expensive first-line drugs to be proven ineffective before more expensive second-line drugs are covered.
    • Therapeutic alternative programs allow pharmacists to dispense therapeutically equivalent drugs instead of the prescribed drug. 
    • Therapeutic interchange (or conversion) programs involve contacting the prescribing physician and patient for approval before a therapeutic alternative is dispensed.

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    Description

    Explore the complexities of the US healthcare system, which, despite high spending, shows disparities in outcomes and quality compared to other wealthy nations. This quiz covers various aspects, including fragmentation, wastefulness, and socioeconomic inequalities affecting healthcare access and quality.

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